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diff --git a/.vim/doc/latexhelp.txt b/.vim/doc/latexhelp.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 2782424..0000000 --- a/.vim/doc/latexhelp.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2430 +0,0 @@ -*latexhelp.txt* For Vim version 6.0. Last change: 2001 Dec 20 - - - LATEX HELP 1.6 - translated (with minor changes) for vim - by Mikolaj Machowski - -This file documents LaTeX2e, a document preparation system. LaTeX2e is a -macro package for TeX. - - This is edition 1.6 of the LaTeX2e documentation, and is for the Texinfo -that is distributed as part of Version 19 of GNU Emacs. It uses version -2.134 or later of the texinfo.tex input file. - - This is translated from LATEX.HLP v1.0a in the VMS Help Library. The -pre-translation version was written by George D. Greenwade of Sam Houston -State University. - - The LaTeX 2.09 version was written by Stephen Gilmore <stg@dcs.ed.ac.uk>. - - The LaTeX2e version was adapted from this by Torsten Martinsen -<bullestock@dk-online.dk>. - - Version for vim of this manual was written by Mikolaj Machowski -<mikmach@wp.pl> - - Copyright 1988,1994 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Copyright 1994-1996 -Torsten Martinsen. Copyright for `translation' for vim Mikolaj Machowski 2001. - - Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this manual -provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on -all copies. - - Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this -manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire -resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission -notice identical to this one. - - Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual -into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions, -except that the sections entitled "Distribution" and "General Public -License" may be included in a translation approved by the author instead of -in the original English. - -============================================================================== -*LaTeX* *latex* - -The LaTeX command typesets a file of text using the TeX program and the LaTeX -Macro package for TeX. To be more specific, it processes an input file -containing the text of a document with interspersed commands that describe how -the text should be formatted. - -1. Commands |latex-commands| -2. Counters |latex-counters| -3. Cross References |latex-references| -4. Definitions |latex-definitions| -5. Document Classes |latex-classes| -6. Layout |latex-layout| -7. Environments |latex-environments| -8. Footnotes |latex-footnotes| -9. Lengths |latex-lengths| -10. Letters |latex-letters| -11. Line & Page Breaking |latex-breaking| -12. Making Paragraphs |latex-paragraphs| -13. Margin Notes |latex-margin-notes| -14. Math Formulae |latex-math| -15. Modes |latex-modes| -16. Page Styles |latex-page-styles| -17. Sectioning |latex-sectioning| -18. Spaces & Boxes |latex-spaces-boxes| -19. Special Characters |latex-special-char| -20. Splitting the Input |latex-inputting| -21. Starting & Ending |latex-start-end| -22. Table of Contents |latex-toc| -23. Terminal Input/Output |latex-terminal| -24. Typefaces |latex-typefaces| -25. Parameters |latex-parameters| - -============================================================================== -1. Commands *latex-commands* - -A LaTeX command begins with the command name, which consists of a \ followed -by either - (a) a string of letters or - (b) a single non-letter. - -Arguments contained in square brackets, [], are optional while arguments -contained in braces, {}, are required. - -NOTE: LaTeX is case sensitive. Enter all commands in lower case unless -explicitly directed to do otherwise. - -============================================================================== -2. Counters *latex-counters* - -|\addtocounter| Add a quantity to a counter -|\alph| Print value of a counter using letters -|\arabic| Print value of a counter using numerals -|\fnsymbol| Print value of a counter using symbols -|\newcounter| Define a new counter -|\refstepcounter| Add to counter, resetting subsidiary counters -|\roman| Print value of a counter using roman numerals -|\setcounter| Set the value of a counter -|\stepcounter| Add to counter, resetting subsidiary counters -|\usecounter| Use a specified counter in a list environment -|\value| Use the value of a counter in an expression - -Everything LaTeX numbers for you has a counter associated with it. The name of -the counter is the same as the name of the environment or command that -produces the number, except with no |\\|. (|lc-enumi| - |lc-enumiv| are used -for the nested |\enumerate| environment.) Below is a list of the counters -used in LaTeX's standard document classes to control numbering. - - |part| |paragraph| |figure| |enumi| |itemi| - |chapter| |subparagraph| |table| |enumii| |itemii| - |section| |page| |footnote| |enumiii| |itemiii| - |subsection| |equation| |mpfootnote| |enumiv| |itemiv| - |subsubsection| - - -\addtocounter{counter}{value} *\addtocounter* - Increments the {counter} by the amount specified by the - {value} argument. The {value} argument can be negative. - -\alph{counter} *\alph* *\Alph* -\Alph{counter} - This command causes the value of the counter to be printed in - alphabetic characters. |\alph| command uses lower case - alphabetic alphabetic characters, i.e., a, b, c... while the - |\Alph| command uses upper case alphabetic characters, i.e., - A, B, C.... - -\arabic{counter} *\arabic* - Causes the value of the {counter} to be printed in Arabic - numbers, i.e., 3. - -\fnsymbol{counter} *\fnsymbol* - Causes the value of the {counter} to be printed in a specific - sequence of nine symbols that can be used for numbering - footnotes. - Note: counter must have a value between 1 and 9 inclusive. - -\newcounter{foo}[counter] *\newcounter* - Defines a new counter named {foo}. The counter is initialized - to zero. The optional argument [counter] causes the counter - {foo} to be reset whenever the counter named in the optional - argument is incremented. - -\refstepcounter{counter} *\refstepcounter* - Command works like |\stepcounter|, except it also defines the - current |\ref| value to be the result of \thecounter. - -\roman{counter} *\roman* *\Roman* -\Roman{counter} - Causes the value of the {counter} to be printed in Roman - numerals. The |\roman| command uses lower case Roman numerals, - i.e., i, ii, iii..., while the |\Roman| command uses upper case - Roman numerals, i.e., I, II, III.... - -\stepcounter{counter} *\stepcounter* - Adds one to the {counter} and resets all subsidiary counters. - -\setcounter{counter}{value} *\setcounter* - Sets the value of the {counter} to that specified by the - {value} argument. - -\usecounter{counter} *\usecounter* - Command is used in the second argument of the |list| - environment to allow the {counter} specified to be used to - number the list items. - -\value{counter} *\value* - Produces the value of the {counter} named in the mandatory - argument. It can be used where LaTeX expects an integer or - number, such as the second argument of a |\setcounter| or - |\addtocounter| command, or in: > - \hspace{\value{foo}\parindent} -< It is useful for doing arithmetic with counters. - -============================================================================== -3. Cross References *latex-references* - -One reason for numbering things like figures and equations is to refer the -reader to them, as in "See Figure 3 for more details." - -|\label| Assign a symbolic name to a piece of text -|\pageref| Refer to a page number -|\ref| Refer to a section, figure or similar - - -\label{key} *\label* - Command appearing in ordinary text assigns to the {key} the - number of the current sectional unit; one appearing inside a - numbered environment assigns that number to the {key}. - - A {key} can consist of any sequence of letters, digits, or - punctuation characters. Upper and lowercase letters are - different. - - To avoid accidentally creating two labels with the same name, - it is common to use labels consisting of a prefix and a suffix - separated by a colon. The prefixes conventionally used are - * 'cha' for chapters - * 'sec' for lower-level sectioning commands - * 'fig' for figures - * 'tab' for tables - * 'eq' for equations - Thus, a label for a figure would look like: > - \label{fig:bandersnatch} - -\pageref{key} *\pageref* - Command produces the page number of the place in the text - where the corresponding |\label| command appears. ie. where - \label{key} appears. - -\ref{key} *\ref* - Command produces the number of the sectional unit, equation - number, ... of the corresponding |\label| command. - -============================================================================== -4. Definitions *latex-definitions* - -|\newcommand| Define a new command -|\newenvironment| Define a new environment -|\newtheorem| Define a new theorem-like environment -|\newfont| Define a new font name - - -\newcommand{cmd}[args]{definition} *\newcommand* *\renewcommand* -\newcommand{cmd}[args][default]{definition} -\renewcommand{cmd}[args]{definition} -\renewcommand{cmd}[args][default]{definition} - -These commands define (or redefine) a command. - -{cmd} A command name beginning with a |\\|. For |\newcommand| it must - not be already defined and must not begin with |\end|; for - |\renewcommand| it must already be defined. - -{args} An integer from 1 to 9 denoting the number of arguments of the - command being defined. The default is for the command to have - no arguments. - -{default} If this optional parameter is present, it means that the - command's first argument is optional. The default value of the - optional argument is default. - -{definition} The text to be substituted for every occurrence of {cmd}; a - parameter of the form #n in {cmd} is replaced by the text of - the nth argument when this substitution takes place. - - *\newenvironment* *\renewenvironment* -\newenvironment{nam}[args]{begdef}{enddef} -\newenvironment{nam}[args][default]{begdef}{enddef} -\renewenvironment{nam}[args]{begdef}{enddef} - -These commands define or redefine an environment. - -{nam} The name of the environment. For |\newenvironment| there must - be no currently defined environment by that name, and the - command \nam must be undefined. For |\renewenvironment| the - environment must already be defined. - -{args} An integer from 1 to 9 denoting the number of arguments of - the newly-defined environment. The default is no arguments. - -{default} If this is specified, the first argument is optional, and - default gives the default value for that argument. - -{begdef} The text substituted for every occurrence of \begin{nam}; a - parameter of the form #n in {cmd} is replaced by the text of - the nth argument when this substitution takes place. - -{enddef} The text substituted for every occurrence of \end{nam}. It - may not contain any argument parameters. - - -\newtheorem{envname}{caption}[within] *\newtheorem* -\newtheorem{envname}[numberedlike]{caption} - -This command defines a theorem-like environment. - -{envname} The name of the environment to be defined. A string of - letters. It must not be the name of an existing environment or - counter. - -{caption} The text printed at the beginning of the environment, right - before the number. This may simply say "Theorem", for example. - -{within} The name of an already defined counter, usually of a sectional - unit. Provides a means of resetting the new theorem counter - within the sectional unit. - -{numberedlike} The name of an already defined theorem-like environment. - -The |\newtheorem| command may have at most one optional argument. - - -\newfont{cmd}{fontname} *\newfont* - Defines the command name {cmd}, which must not be currently - defined, to be a declaration that selects the font named - {fontname} to be the current font. - -============================================================================== -5. Document Classes *latex-classes* - - -\documentclass[options]{class} *\documentclass* - -Valid LaTeX document classes include: - *article *article-class* - *report *report-class* - *letter *letter-class* - *book *book-class* - *slides *slides-class* - -All the standard classes (except slides) accept the following options for -selecting the typeface size (10 pt is default): - -10pt, 11pt, 12pt - -All classes accept these options for selecting the paper size (default is -letter): - -a4paper, a5paper, b5paper, letterpaper, legalpaper, executivepaper - -Miscellaneous options: - -landscape *landscape* - Selects landscape format. Default is portrait. - -titlepage, notitlepage *notitlepage* - Selects if there should be a separate title page. - -leqno *leqno* *rqno* - Equation number on left side of equations. Default is - right side. - -fleqn *fleqn* - Displayed formulas flush left. Default is centred. - -openbib *openbib* - Use "open" bibliography format. - -draft, final *draft* *final* - Mark/do not mark overfull boxes with a rule. Default is - final. - -These options are not available with the slides class: - -oneside, twoside *oneside* *twoside* - Selects one- or twosided layout. Default is oneside, - except for the book class. - -openright, openany *openright* *openany* - Determines if a chapter should start on a right-hand page. - Default is openright for book. - -onecolumn, twocolumn *onecolumn* *twocolumn* - One or two columns. Defaults to one column. - -The slides class offers the option clock for printing the time at the bottom -of each |\note|. - -If you specify more than one option, they must be separated by a comma. - -\usepackage[options]{pkg} *\usepackage* - Additional packages are loaded by this. If you - specify more than one package, they must be separated by a - comma. - -Any options given in the |\documentclass| command that are unknown by the -selected document class are passed on to the packages loaded with |\usepackage|. - -============================================================================== -6. Layout *latex-layout* - -Miscellaneous commands for controlling the general layout of the page. - -|\flushbottom| Make all text pages the same height. -|\onecolumn| Use one-column layout. -|\raggedbottom| Allow text pages of differing height. -|\twocolumn| Use two-column layout. - -\flushbottom *\flushbottom* - Makes all text pages the same height, adding extra vertical - space when necessary to fill out the page. This is the - standard if twocolumn mode is selected. - -\onecolumn *\onecolumn* - Starts a new page and produces single-column output. - -\raggedbottom *\raggedbottom* - Makes all pages the height of the text on that page. No extra - vertical space is added. - -\twocolumn[text] *\twocolumn* - Starts a new page and produces two-column output. If the - optional [text] argument is present, it is typeset in - one-column mode. - -============================================================================== -7. Environments *latex-environments* - - *\begin* *\end* -LaTeX provides a number of different paragraph-making environments. Each -environment begins and ends in the same manner: > - - \begin{environment-name} - . - . - . - \end{environment-name} -< -a. |array| Math arrays -b. |center| Centred lines -c. |description| Labelled lists -d. |enumerate| Numbered lists -e. |eqnarray| Sequences of aligned equations -f. |equation| Displayed equation -g. |figure| Floating figures -h. |flushleft| Flushed left lines -i. |flushright| Flushed right lines -j. |itemize| Bulleted lists -k. |letter| Letters -l. |list| Generic list environment -m. |minipage| Miniature page -n. |picture| Picture with text, arrows, lines and circles -o. |quotation| Indented environment with paragraph indentation -p. |quote-l| Indented environment with no paragraph indentation -q. |tabbing| Align text arbitrarily -r. |table| Floating tables -s. |tabular| Align text in columns -t. |thebibliography| Bibliography or reference list -u. |theorem| Theorems, lemmas, etc -v. |titlepage| For hand crafted title pages -x. |verbatim| Simulating typed input -y. |verse| For poetry and other things - -============================================================================== - a. array *array* -> - \begin{array}{col1col2...coln} - column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\ - . - . - . - \end{array} - -Math arrays are produced with the |array| environment. It has a single mandatory -argument describing the number of columns and the alignment within them. Each -column, coln, is specified by a single letter that tells how items in that row -should be formatted. - * c -- for centred - * l -- for flush left - * r -- for flush right -Column entries must be separated by an |&|. Column entries may include other -LaTeX commands. Each row of the array must be terminated with the string |\\|. - -Note that the |array| environment can only be used in |math-mode|, so normally -it is used inside an |equation| environment. - -============================================================================== -b. center *center* -> - \begin{center} - Text on line 1 \\ - Text on line 2 \\ - . - . - . - \end{center} - -The |\center| environment allows you to create a paragraph consisting of lines -that are centred within the left and right margins on the current page. Each -line must be terminated with the string |\\|. - -\centering *\centering* - This declaration corresponds to the |center| environment. This - declaration can be used inside an environment such as - |quote-l| or in a |\parbox|. The text of a |figure| or |table| - can be centred on the page by putting a |\centering| command - at the beginning of the |figure| or |table| environment. - Unlike the |center| environment, the |\centering| command does - not start a new paragraph; it simply changes how LaTeX formats - paragraph units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the - scope of the declaration must contain the blank line or |\end| - command (of an environment like |quote-l|) that ends the - paragraph unit. - -============================================================================== -c. description *description* -> - \begin{description} - \item [label] First item - \item [label] Second item - . - . - . - \end{description} - -The |description| environment is used to make labelled lists. The label is -bold face and flushed right. - -============================================================================== -d. enumerate *enumerate* -> - \begin{enumerate} - \item First item - \item Second item - . - . - . - \end{enumerate} - -The |enumerate| environment produces a numbered list. Enumerations can be -nested within one another, up to four levels deep. They can also be nested -within other paragraph-making environments. - -\item Each item of an enumerated list begins with an |\item| - command. There must be at least one |\item| command - within the environment. - -The |enumerate| environment uses the |\enumi| through |\enumiv| counters (see -section |latex-counters|). The type of numbering can be changed by redefining -\theenumi etc. - -============================================================================== -e. eqnarray *eqnarray* -> - \begin{eqnarray} - math formula 1 \\ - math formula 2 \\ - . - . - . - \end{eqnarray} - -The |eqnarray| environment is used to display a sequence of equations or -inequalities. It is very much like a three-column |array| environment, with -consecutive rows separated by |\\| and consecutive items within a row separated -by an |&|. - -\nonumber *\nonumber* - An equation number is placed on every line unless that - line has a |\nonumber| command. - -\lefteqn *\lefteqn* - The command |\lefteqn| is used for splitting long - formulas across lines. It typesets its argument in - display style flush left in a box of zero width. - -============================================================================== -f. equation *equation* -> - \begin{equation} - math formula - \end{equation} - -The |equation| environment centres your equation on the page and places the -equation number in the right margin. - -============================================================================== -g. figure *figure* -> - \begin{figure}[placement] - body of the figure - \caption{figure title} - \end{figure} - -Figures are objects that are not part of the normal text, and are usually -"floated" to a convenient place, like the top of a page. Figures will not be -split between two pages. - -The optional argument [placement] determines where LaTeX will try to place -your figure. There are four places where LaTeX can possibly put a float: - -h (Here) at the position in the text where the figure - environment appears. -t (Top) at the top of a text page. -b (Bottom) at the bottom of a text page. -p (Page of floats) on a separate float page, which is a page containing - no text, only floats. - -The standard |report-class| and |article-class| use the default placement -[tbp]. - -The body of the |figure| is made up of whatever text, LaTeX commands, etc. you -wish. - -The \caption command allows you to title your figure. - -============================================================================== -h. flushleft *flushleft* -> - \begin{flushleft} - Text on line 1 \\ - Text on line 2 \\ - . - . - . - \end{flushleft} - -The |flushleft| environment allows you to create a paragraph consisting of -lines that are flushed left, to the left-hand margin. Each line must be -terminated with the string |\\|. - -\raggedright *\raggedright* - This declaration corresponds to the |flushleft| environment. - This declaration can be used inside an environment such as - |quote-l| or in a |\parbox|. Unlike the |flushleft| - environment, the |\raggedright| command does not start a new - paragraph; it simply changes how LaTeX formats paragraph - units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the - declaration must contain the blank line or |\end| command (of - an environment like |quote-l|) that ends the paragraph unit. - -============================================================================== -i. flushright *flushright* -> - \begin{flushright} - Text on line 1 \\ - Text on line 2 \\ - . - . - . - \end{flushright} - -The |flushright| environment allows you to create a paragraph consisting of -lines that are flushed right, to the right-hand margin. Each line must be -terminated with the string |\\|. - -\raggedleft *\raggedleft* - This declaration corresponds to the |flushright| environment. - This declaration can be used inside an environment such as - |quote-l| or in a |\parbox|. Unlike the |flushright| - environment, the |\raggedleft| command does not start a new - paragraph; it simply changes how LaTeX formats paragraph - units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the - declaration must contain the blank line or |\end| command (of - an environment like |quote-l|) that ends the paragraph unit. - -============================================================================== -j. itemize *itemize* -> - \begin{itemize} - \item First item - \item Second item - . - . - . - \end{itemize} - -The |itemize| environment produces a "bulleted" list. Itemizations can be -nested within one another, up to four levels deep. They can also be nested -within other paragraph-making environments. - -\item *\item* - Each item of an itemized list begins with an |\item| command. - There must be at least one |\item| command within the - environment. - -The itemize environment uses the |\itemi| through |\itemiv| counters (see -section |latex-counters|). The type of numbering can be changed by redefining -\theitemi etc. - -============================================================================== -k. letter *\letter* - -This environment is used for creating letters. See section |latex-letters|. - -============================================================================== -l. list *list* - -The |list| environment is a generic environment which is used for defining many -of the more specific environments. It is seldom used in documents, but often -in macros. -> - \begin{list}{label}{spacing} - \item First item - \item Second item - . - . - . - \end{list} - -'label' The {label} argument specifies how items should be labelled. - This argument is a piece of text that is inserted in a box to - form the {label}. This argument can and usually does contain - other LaTeX commands. - -'spacing' The {spacing} argument contains commands to change the spacing - parameters for the |list|. This argument will most often be - null, i.e., {}. This will select all default spacing which - should suffice for most cases. - -============================================================================== -m. minipage *minipage* -> - \begin{minipage}[position]{width} - text - \end{minipage} - -The |minipage| environment is similar to a |\parbox| command. It takes the -same optional [position] argument and mandatory {width} argument. You may use -other paragraph-making environments inside a |minipage|. Footnotes in a -minipage environment are handled in a way that is particularly useful for -putting footnotes in figures or tables. A |\footnote| or |\footnotetext| -command puts the footnote at the bottom of the minipage instead of at the -bottom of the page, and it uses the |\mpfootnote| counter instead of the -ordinary footnote counter. See sections |latex-counters| and -|latex-footnotes|. - -NOTE: Don't put one |minipage| inside another if you are using footnotes; they -may wind up at the bottom of the wrong minipage. - -============================================================================== -n. picture *picture* -> - size position - \begin{picture}(width,height)(x offset,y offset) - . - . - picture commands - . - . - \end{picture} - -The |picture| environment allows you to create just about any kind of picture -you want containing text, lines, arrows and circles. You tell LaTeX where to -put things in the picture by specifying their coordinates. A coordinate is a -number that may have a decimal point and a minus sign -- a number like 5, 2.3 -or -3.1416. A coordinate specifies a length in multiples of the unit length -|\unitlength|, so if |\unitlength| has been set to 1cm, then the coordinate -2.54 specifies a length of 2.54 centimetres. You can change the value of -|\unitlength| anywhere you want, using the |\setlength| command, but strange -things will happen if you try changing it inside the |picture| environment. - -A position is a pair of coordinates, such as (2.4,-5), specifying the point -with x-coordinate 2.4 and y-coordinate -5. Coordinates are specified in the -usual way with respect to an origin, which is normally at the lower-left -corner of the |picture|. -Note that when a position appears as an argument, it is not enclosed in -braces; the parentheses serve to delimit the argument. - -The |picture| environment has one mandatory argument, which is a position. It -specifies the size of the picture. The environment produces a rectangular box -with width and height determined by this argument's x- and y-coordinates. - -The |picture| environment also has an optional position argument, following -the size argument, that can change the origin. (Unlike ordinary optional -arguments, this argument is not contained in square brackets.) The optional -argument gives the coordinates of the point at the lower-left corner of the -picture (thereby determining the origin). For example, if |\unitlength| has -been set to 1mm, the command: > - \begin{picture}(100,200)(10,20) -> -produces a picture of width 100 millimetres and height 200 millimetres, whose -lower-left corner is the point (10,20) and whose upper-right corner is -therefore the point (110,220). When you first draw a picture, you will omit -the optional argument, leaving the origin at the lower-left corner. If you -then want to modify your picture by shifting everything, you just add the -appropriate optional argument. - -The environment's mandatory argument determines the nominal size of the -picture. This need bear no relation to how large the picture really is; LaTeX -will happily allow you to put things outside the picture, or even off the -page. The picture's nominal size is used by LaTeX in determining how much room -to leave for it. - -Everything that appears in a picture is drawn by the |\put| command. The -command: > - \put (11.3,-.3){...} - -puts the object specified by ... in the picture, with its -reference point at coordinates (11.3,-.3). The reference points for various -objects will be described below. - -The |\put| creates an LR box (|lrbox|). You can put anything in the text -argument of the |\put| that you'd put into the argument of an |\mbox| and -related commands. When you do this, the reference point will be the lower left -corner of the box. - -Picture commands: -|\circle| Draw a circle -|\dashbox| Draw a dashed box -|\frame| Draw a frame around an object -|\framebox(picture)| Draw a box with a frame around it -|\line| Draw a straight line -|\linethickness| Set the line thickness -|\makebox(picture)| Draw a box of the specified size -|\multiput| Draw multiple instances of an object -|\oval| Draw an ellipse -|\put| Place an object at a specified place -|\shortstack| Make a pile of objects -|\vector| Draw a line with an arrow - -\circle[*]{diameter} *\circle* - Command produces a circle with a {diameter} as close to the - specified one as possible. If the *-form of the command is - used, LaTeX draws a solid circle. - Note: only circles up to 40 pt can be drawn. - - -\dashbox{dashlength}(width,height){...} *\dashbox* - Draws a box with a dashed line. The |\dashbox| has an extra - argument which specifies the width of each dash. A dashed box - looks best when the width and height are multiples of the - {dashlength}. - -\frame{...} *\frame* - Puts a rectangular frame around the object specified in the - argument. The reference point is the bottom left corner of the - frame. No extra space is put between the frame and the object. - -\framebox(width,height)[position]{...} *\picture-framebox* - The |\framebox| command is exactly the same as the - |picture-makebox| command, except that it puts a frame around - the outside of the box that it creates. The |\framebox| - command produces a rule of thickness |\fboxrule|, and leaves a - space |\fboxsep| between the rule and the contents of the box. - -\line(x slope,y slope){length} *\line* - Draws a line of the specified length and slope. - Note: LaTeX can only draw lines with slope = x/y, where x and - y have integer values from -6 through 6. - -\linethickness{dimension} *\linethickness* - Declares the thickness of horizontal and vertical lines in a - |picture| environment to be dimension, which must be a - positive length. It does not affect the thickness of slanted - lines (|\line|) and circles (|circle|), or the quarter circles - drawn by |\oval| to form the corners of an oval. - -\makebox(width,height)[position]{...} *picture-makebox* - The makebox command for the |picture| environment is similar - to the normal |\makebox| command except that you must specify - a width and height in multiples of |\unitlength|. - The optional argument, [position], specifies the quadrant that - your text appears in. You may select up to two of the - following: - t - Moves the item to the top of the rectangle - b - Moves the item to the bottom - l - Moves the item to the left - r - Moves the item to the right - - *\multiput* -\multiput(x coord,y coord)(delta x,delta y){no of copies}{object} - This command can be used when you are putting the same - object in a regular pattern across a picture. - -\oval(width,height)[portion] *\oval* - Produces a rectangle with rounded corners. The optional - argument, [portion], allows you to select part of the oval. - t - top portion - b - bottom portion - r - right portion - l - left portion - Note: the "corners" of the oval are made with quarter circles - with a maximum radius of 20 pt, so large "ovals" will look - more like boxes with rounded corners. - -\put(x coord,y coord){ ... } *\put* - Places the item specified by the mandatory argument at the - given coordinates. - -\shortstack[position]{... \\ ... \\ ...} *\shortstack* - The |\shortstack| command produces a stack of objects. - The valid positions are: - r - right of the stack - l - left of the stack - c - centre of the stack (default) - -\vector(x slope,y slope){length} *\vector* - Draws a line with an arrow of the specified length and slope. - The x and y values must lie between -4 and +4, inclusive. - -============================================================================== -o. quotation *quotation* - > - \begin{quotation} - text - \end{quotation} - -The margins of the |quotation| environment are indented on the left and the -right. The text is justified at both margins and there is paragraph -indentation. Leaving a blank line between text produces a new paragraph. - -============================================================================== -p. quote *quote-l* -> - \begin{quote} - text - \end{quote} - -The margins of the |quote-l| environment are indented on the left and the right. -The text is justified at both margins. Leaving a blank line between text -produces a new paragraph. - -============================================================================== -q. tabbing *tabbing* -> - \begin{tabbing} - text \= more text \= still more text \= last text \\ - second row \> \> more \\ - . - . - . - \end{tabbing} - -The |tabbing| environment provides a way to align text in columns. It works by -setting tab stops and tabbing to them much the way you do with an ordinary -typewriter. - -It is best suited for cases where the width of each column is constant and -known in advance. - -This environment can be broken across pages, unlike the |tabular| environment. -The following commands can be used inside a tabbing environment: - - *tab=* -\= Sets a tab stop at the current position. - - *tab>* -\> Advances to the next tab stop. - - *tab<* -\< This command allows you to put something to the left of the - local margin without changing the margin. Can only be used at - the start of the line. - - *tab+* -\+ Moves the left margin of the next and all the following - commands one tab stop to the right. - - *tab-* -\- Moves the left margin of the next and all the following - commands one tab stop to the left. - - *tab'* -\' Moves everything that you have typed so far in the current - column, i.e. everything from the most recent \> (|tab>|), \< - (|tab<|), \' (|tab'|), |\\|, or |\kill| command, to the right - of the previous column, flush against the current column's tab - stop. - - *tab`* -\` Allows you to put text flush right against any tab stop, - including tab stop 0. However, it can't move text to the right - of the last column because there's no tab stop there. The \` - (|tab`|) command moves all the text that follows it, up to the - |\\| or \end{tabbing} command that ends the line, to the right - margin of the tabbing environment. There must be no \> - (|tab>|) or \' (|tab'|) command between the \` (|tab`|) and - the command that ends the line. - - *\kill* -\kill Sets tab stops without producing text. Works just like |\\| - except that it throws away the current line instead of - producing output for it. The effect of any \= (|tab=|), \+ - (|tab+|) or \- (|tab-|) commands in that line remain in - effect. - - *\pushtabs* -\pushtabs Saves all current tab stop positions. Useful for temporarily - changing tab stop positions in the middle of a tabbing - environment. Also restores the tab stop positions saved by the - last |\pushtabs|. - - *taba* -\a In a tabbing environment, the commands \= (|tab=|), \' - (|tab'|) and \` (|tab`|) do not produce accents as normal. - Instead, the commands \a=, \a' and \a` are used. - -This example typesets a Pascal function in a traditional format: -> - \begin{tabbing} - function \= fact(n : integer) : integer;\\ - \> begin \= \+ \\ - \> if \= n $>$ 1 then \+ \\ - fact := n * fact(n-1) \- \\ - else \+ \\ - fact := 1; \-\- \\ - end;\\ - \end{tabbing} - -============================================================================== -r. table *\table* -> - \begin{table}[placement] - body of the table - \caption{table title} - \end{table} - -Tables are objects that are not part of the normal text, and are usually -"floated" to a convenient place, like the top of a page. Tables will not be -split between two pages. - -The optional argument [placement] determines where LaTeX will try to place -your table. There are four places where LaTeX can possibly put a float: - - h (Here) at the position in the text where the table - environment appears. - t (Top) at the top of a text page. - b (Bottom) at the bottom of a text page. - p (Page of floats) on a separate float page, which is a page - containing no text, only floats. - -The standard |report-class| and |article-class| use the default placement [tbp]. - -The body of the table is made up of whatever text, LaTeX commands, etc., you -wish. - -The \caption command allows you to title your table. - -============================================================================== -s. tabular *tabular* -> - \begin{tabular}[pos]{cols} - column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\ - . - . - . - \end{tabular} - -or -> - \begin{tabular*}{width}[pos]{cols} - column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\ - . - . - . - \end{tabular*} - -These environments produce a box consisting of a sequence of rows of items, -aligned vertically in columns. The mandatory and optional arguments consist -of: - -{width} Specifies the width of the tabular* environment. There must be - rubber space between columns that can stretch to fill out the - specified width. - -[pos] Specifies the vertical position; default is alignment on the - centre of the environment. - t - align on top row - b - align on bottom row - -{cols} Specifies the column formatting. It consists of a sequence of - the following specifiers, corresponding to the sequence of - columns and intercolumn material. - l - A column of left-aligned items. - - r - A column of right-aligned items. - - c - A column of centred items. - - | - A vertical line the full height and depth of the - environment. - - @{text} - This inserts text in every row. An @-expression - suppresses the intercolumn space normally inserted - between columns; any desired space between the - inserted text and the adjacent items must be included - in text. An \extracolsep{wd} command in an - @-expression causes an extra space of width {wd} to - appear to the left of all subsequent columns, until - countermanded by another |\extracolsep| command. Unlike - ordinary intercolumn space, this extra space is not - suppressed by an @-expression. An |\extracolsep| - command can be used only in an @-expression in the - cols argument. - - p{wd} - Produces a column with each item typeset in a |\parbox| - of width {wd}, as if it were the argument of a - \parbox[t]{wd} command. However, a |\\| may not appear - in the item, except in the following situations: - 1. inside an environment like |minipage|, |array|, or - |tabular|. - 2. inside an explicit |\parbox|. - 3. in the scope of a |\centering|, |\raggedright|, or - |\raggedleft| declaration. The latter declarations must - appear inside braces or an environment when used in a - p-column element. - - {num}{cols} - Equivalent to num copies of cols, where num is any positive - integer and cols is any list of column-specifiers, - which may contain another -expression. - -These commands can be used inside a tabular environment: - -|\cline| Draw a horizontal line spanning some columns. -|\hline| Draw a * horizontal line spanning all columns. -|\multicolumn| Make an item spanning * several columns. -|\vline| Draw a vertical line. - - -\cline{i-j} *\cline* - The |\cline| command draws horizontal lines across the columns - specified, beginning in column i and ending in column j, - which are identified in the mandatory argument. - -\hline *\hline* - The |\hline| command will draw a horizontal line the width of - the table. It's most commonly used to draw a line at the top, - bottom, and between the rows of the table. - -\multicolumn{cols}{pos}{text} *\multicolumn* - The |\multicolumn| is used to make an entry that spans several - columns. The first mandatory argument, {cols}, specifies the - number of columns to span. The second mandatory argument, - {pos}, specifies the formatting of the entry: - c - centered - l - flushleft - r - flushright. - The third mandatory argument, {text}, specifies what text is - to make up the entry. - -\vline *\vline* - The |\vline| command will draw a vertical line extending the - full height and depth of its row. An |\hfill| command can be - used to move the line to the edge of the column. It can also - be used in an @-expression. - -============================================================================== -t. thebibliography *\thebibliography* -> - \begin{thebibliography}{widestlabel} - \bibitem[label]{cite_key} - . - . - . - \end{thebibliography} - -The |\thebibliography| environment produces a bibliography or reference list. - -In the |article-class|, this reference list is labelled "References"; in the -|report-class|, it is labelled "Bibliography". - -{widestlabel} Text that, when printed, is approximately as wide as the - widest item label produces by the |\bibitem| commands. - -|\bibitem| Specify a bibliography item. -|\cite| Refer to a bibliography item. -|\nocite| Include an item in the bibliography. -|BibTeX| Automatic generation of bibliographies. - -\bibitem *\bibitem* -\bibitem[label]{citekey} - The |\bibitem| command generates an entry labelled by [label]. - If the [label] argument is missing, a number is generated as - the label, using the |\enumi| counter. The {citekey} is any - sequence of letters, numbers, and punctuation symbols not - containing a comma. This command writes an entry on the `.aux' - file containing {citekey} and the item's label. When this - `.aux' file is read by the \begin{document} command, the - item's label is associated with {citekey}, causing the - reference to {citekey} by a |\cite| command to produce the - associated label. - -\cite *\cite* -\cite[text]{keylist} - The {keylist} argument is a list of citation keys. This - command generates an in-text citation to the references - associated with the keys in {keylist} by entries on the `.aux' - file read by the \begin{document} command. - The optional text argument will appear after the - citation, i.e.: > - \cite[p.2]{knuth} -< might produce `[Knuth, p. 2]'. - -\nocite *\nocite* -\nocite{keylist} - The |\nocite| command produces no text, but writes - {keylist}, which is a list of one or more citation - keys, on the `.aux' file. - -BibTeX *BibTeX* *bibtex* - *\bibliographystyle* -If you use the BibTeX program by Oren Patashnik (highly recommended if you -need a bibliography of more than a couple of titles) to maintain your -bibliography, you don't use the |thebibliography| environment. Instead, you -include the lines: -> - \bibliographystyle{style} - \bibliography{bibfile} - -where {style} refers to a file style.bst, which defines how your citations -will look. The standard styles distributed with BibTeX are: - -{alpha} Sorted alphabetically. Labels are formed from name of author and year - of publication. -{plain} Sorted alphabetically. Labels are numeric. -{unsrt} Like plain, but entries are in order of citation. -{abbrv} Like plain, but more compact labels. - -In addition, numerous other BibTeX style files exist tailored to the demands -of various publications. - - *\bibliography* -The argument to |\bibliography| refers to the file bibfile.bib, which should -contain your database in BibTeX format. Only the entries referred to via -|\cite| and |\nocite| will be listed in the bibliography. - -============================================================================== -u. theorem *theorem* -> - \begin{theorem} - theorem text - \end{theorem} - -The |theorem| environment produces "Theorem x" in boldface followed by your -theorem text. - -============================================================================== -v. titlepage *titlepage* -> - \begin{titlepage} - text - \end{titlepage} - -The |titlepage| environment creates a title page, i.e. a page with no printed -page number or heading. It also causes the following page to be numbered page -one. Formatting the title page is left to you. The |\today| command comes in -handy for title pages. - -Note that you can use the |\maketitle| to produce a standard title page. - -============================================================================== -x. verbatim *verbatim* -> - \begin{verbatim} - text - \end{verbatim} - -The |verbatim| environment is a paragraph-making environment that gets LaTeX -to print exactly what you type in. It turns LaTeX into a typewriter with -carriage returns and blanks having the same effect that they would on a -typewriter. - -\verb *\verb* -\verb char literal_text char -\verb*char literal_text char - Typesets literal_text exactly as typed, including - special characters and spaces, using a typewriter |\tt| - type style. There may be no space between |\verb| or - |\verb|* and char (space is shown here only for - clarity). The *-form differs only in that spaces are - printed as `\verb*| |\'. - -============================================================================== -y. verse *verse* -> - \begin{verse} - text - \end{verse} - -The |verse| environment is designed for poetry, though you may find other uses -for it. - -The margins are indented on the left and the right. Separate the lines of each -stanza with |\\|, and use one or more blank lines to separate the stanzas. - -============================================================================== -8. Footnotes *latex-footnotes* - -Footnotes can be produced in one of two ways. They can be produced with one -command, the |\footnote| command. They can also be produced with two commands, -the |\footnotemark| and the |\footnotetext| commands. See the specific command for -information on why you would use one over the other. - -|\footnote| Insert a footnote -|\footnotemark| Insert footnote mark only -|\footnotetext| Insert footnote text only - -\footnote[number]{text} *\footnote* - Command places the numbered footnote text at the bottom of the - current page. The optional argument, number, is used to change - the default footnote number. This command can only be used in - outer paragraph mode; i.e., you cannot use it in sectioning - commands like |\chapter|, in |\figure|, |\table| or in a - |\tabular| environment. - -\footnotemark *\footnotemark* - Command puts the footnote number in the text. This command can - be used in inner paragraph mode. The text of the footnote is - supplied by the |\footnotetext| command. - This command can be used to produce several consecutive - footnote markers referring to the same footnote by using -> - \footnotemark[\value{footnote}] -< - after the first |\footnote| command. - -\footnotetext[number]{text} *\footnotetext* - Command produces the text to be placed at the bottom of the - page. This command can come anywhere after the |\footnotemark| - command. The |\footnotetext| command must appear in outer - paragraph mode. The optional argument, number, is used to - change the default footnote number. - -============================================================================== -9. Lengths *latex-lengths* - -A length is a measure of distance. Many LaTeX commands take a length as an -argument. - -|\newlength| Define a new length. -|\setlength| Set the value of a length. -|\addtolength| Add a quantity to a length. -|\settodepth| Set a length to the depth of something. -|\settoheight| Set a length to the height of something. -|\settowidth| Set a length to the width of something. -|pre-lengths| Lengths that are, like, predefined. - -\newlength{\gnat} *\newlength* - The |\newlength| command defines the mandatory argument, \gnat, - as a length command with a value of 0in. An error occurs if a - \gnat command already exists. - -\setlength{\gnat}{length} *\setlength* - The |\setlength| command is used to set the value of a \gnat - command. The {length} argument can be expressed in any terms - of length LaTeX understands, i.e., inches (in), millimetres - (mm), points (pt), etc. - -\addtolength{\gnat}{length} *\addtolength* - The |\addtolength| command increments a \gnat by the amount - specified in the {length} argument. It can be a negative - amount. - -\settodepth{\gnat}{text} *\settodepth* - The |\settodepth| command sets the value of a \gnat command - equal to the depth of the {text} argument. - -\settoheight{\gnat}{text} *\settoheight* - The |\settoheight| command sets the value of a \gnat command - equal to the height of the {text} argument. - -\settowidth{\gnat}{text} *\settowidth* - The |\settowidth| command sets the value of a \gnat command - equal to the width of the {text} argument. - -Predefined lengths *pre-lengths* - -\width *\width* -\height *\height* -\depth *\depth* -\totalheight *\totalheight* - These length parameters can be used in the arguments of the - box-making commands See section Spaces & Boxes. They specify - the natural width etc. of the text in the box. - \totalheight equals \height + \depth. - To make a box with the text stretched to double the natural - size, e.g., say: > - \makebox[2\width]{Get a stretcher} - -============================================================================== -10. Letters *latex-letters* - -You can use LaTeX to typeset letters, both personal and business. The letter -document class is designed to make a number of letters at once, although you -can make just one if you so desire. - -Your `.tex' source file has the same minimum commands as the other document -classes, i.e., you must have the following commands as a minimum: > - \documentclass{letter} - \begin{document} - ... - letters - ... - \end{document} - -Each letter is a letter environment, whose argument is the name and address of -the recipient. For example, you might have: > - \begin{letter} - {Mr. Joe Smith\\ - 2345 Princess St. \\ - Edinburgh, EH1 1AA} - ... - \end{letter} - -The letter itself begins with the |\opening| command. The text of the letter -follows. It is typed as ordinary LaTeX input. Commands that make no sense in -a letter, like |\chapter|, do not work. The letter closes with a |\closing| -command. - -After the closing, you can have additional material. The |\cc| command produces -the usual "cc: ...". There's also a similar |\encl| command for a list of -enclosures. With both these commands, use|\\| to separate the items. - -These commands are used with the letter class: -|\address| Your return address. -|\cc| Cc list. closing Saying goodbye. -|\encl| List of enclosed material. -|\location| Your organisation's address. -|\makelabels| Making address labels. -|\name| Your name, for the return address. -|\opening| Saying hello. -|\ps| Adding a postscript. -|\signature| Your signature. -|\startbreaks| Allow page breaks. -|\stopbreaks| Disallow page breaks. -|\telephone| Your phone number. - -\address{Return address} *\address* - The return address, as it should appear on the letter and the - envelope. Separate lines of the address should be separated - by |\\| commands. If you do not make an |\address| declaration, - then the letter will be formatted for copying onto your - organisation's standard letterhead. (See section Overview of - LaTeX and Local Guide, for details on your local - implementation). If you give an |\address| declaration, then - the letter will be formatted as a personal letter. - -\cc{Kate Schechter\\Rob McKenna} *\cc* - Generate a list of other persons the letter was sent to. Each - name is printed on a separate line. - -\closing{text} *\closing* - The letter closes with a |\closing| command, i.e., > - \closing{Best Regards,} \encl{CV\\Certificates} -< Generate a list of enclosed material. - -\location{address} *\location* - This modifies your organisation's standard address. This only - appears if the firstpage pagestyle is selected. - -\makelabels{number} *\makelabels* - If you issue this command in the preamble, LaTeX will create a - sheet of address labels. This sheet will be output before the - letters. - -\name{June Davenport} *\name* - Your name, used for printing on the envelope together with the - return address. - -\opening{text} *\opening* - The letter begins with the |\opening| command. The mandatory - argument, text, is whatever text you wish to start your - letter, i.e., > - \opening{Dear Joe,} - -\ps *\ps* - Use this command before a postscript. - -\signature{Harvey Swick} *\signature* - Your name, as it should appear at the end of the letter - underneath the space for your signature. Items that should go - on separate lines should be separated by |\\| commands. - -\startbreaks *\startbreaks* - Used after a |\stopbreaks| command to allow page breaks again. - -\stopbreaks *\stopbreaks* - Inhibit page breaks until a |\startbreaks| command occurs. - -\telephone{number} *\telephone* - This is your telephone number. This only appears if the - firstpage pagestyle is selected. - -============================================================================== -11. Line & Page Breaking *latex-breaking* - -The first thing LaTeX does when processing ordinary text is to translate your -input file into a string of glyphs and spaces. To produce a printed document, -this string must be broken into lines, and these lines must be broken into -pages. In some environments, you do the line breaking yourself with the |\\| -command, but LaTeX usually does it for you. - -|\\| Start a new line -|hyph-| Insert explicit hyphenation -|\cleardoublepage| Start a new right-hand page -|\clearpage| Start a new page -|\enlargethispage| Enlarge the current page a bit -|\fussy| Be fussy about line breaking -|\hyphenation| Tell LaTeX how to hyphenate a word -|\linebreak| Break the line -|\newline| Break the line prematurely -|\newpage| Start a new page -|\nolinebreak| Don't break the current line -|\nopagebreak| Don't make a page break here -|\pagebreak| Please make a page break here -|\sloppy| Be sloppy about line breaking - -\\[*][extraspace] *\\* *\\\\* - The |\\| command tells LaTeX to start a new line. It has an - optional argument, [extraspace], that specifies how much extra - vertical space is to be inserted before the next line. This - can be a negative amount. - The \\* command is the same as the ordinary |\\| command - except that it tells LaTeX not to start a new page after the - line. - -\- *hyph-* - The \- command tells LaTeX that it may hyphenate the word at - that point. LaTeX is very good at hyphenating, and it will - usually find all correct hyphenation points. The \- command is - used for the exceptional cases. - Note: when you insert \- commands in a word, the word will - only be hyphenated at those points and not at any of the - hyphenation points that LaTeX might otherwise have chosen. - -\cleardoublepage *\cleardoublepage* - The |\cleardoublepage| command ends the current page and causes - all figures and tables that have so far appeared in the input - to be printed. In a two-sided printing style (|twoside|), it - also makes the next page a right-hand (odd-numbered) page, - producing a blank page if necessary. - -\clearpage *\clearpage* - The |\clearpage| command ends the current page and causes all - figures and tables that have so far appeared in the input to - be printed. - -\enlargethispage{size} *\enlargethispage* -\enlargethispage*{size} - Enlarge the textheight for the current page by the - specified amount; e.g.: > - - \enlargethispage{\baselineskip} -< - will allow one additional line. The starred form - tries to squeeze the material together on the page as - much as possible. This is normally used together with - an explicit |\pagebreak|. - -\fussy *\fussy* - This declaration (which is the default) makes TeX more fussy - about line breaking. This can avoids too much space between - words, but may produce overfull boxes. This command cancels - the effect of a previous |\sloppy| command. - -\hyphenation{words} *\hyphenation* - The |\hyphenation| command declares allowed hyphenation points, - where words is a list of words, separated by spaces, in which - each hyphenation point is indicated by a - character. - -\linebreak[number] *\linebreak* - The |\linebreak| command tells LaTeX to break the current line - at the point of the command. With the optional argument, - number, you can convert the |\linebreak| command from a demand - to a request. The [number] must be a number from 0 to 4. The - higher the number, the more insistent the request is. The - |\linebreak| command causes LaTeX to stretch the line so it - extends to the right margin. - -\newline *\newline* - The |\newline| command breaks the line right where it is. It - can only be used in paragraph mode. - -\newpage *\newpage* - The |\newpage| command ends the current page. - -\nolinebreak[number] *\nolinebreak* - The |\nolinebreak| command prevents LaTeX from breaking the - current line at the point of the command. With the optional - argument, [number], you can convert the |\nolinebreak| command - from a demand to a request. The [number] must be a number from 0 - to 4. The higher the number, the more insistent the request - is. - -\nopagebreak[number] *\nopagebreak* - The |\nopagebreak| command prevents LaTeX from breaking the - current page at the point of the command. With the optional - argument, [number], you can convert the |\nopagebreak| command - from a demand to a request. The [number] must be a number from - 0 to 4. The higher the number, the more insistent the request - is. - -\pagebreak[number] *\pagebreak* - The |\pagebreak| command tells LaTeX to break the current page - at the point of the command. With the optional argument, - [number], you can convert the |\pagebreak| command from a - demand to a request. The [number] must be a number from 0 to - 4. The higher the number, the more insistent the request is. - -\sloppy *\sloppy* - This declaration makes TeX less fussy about line breaking. - This can prevent overfull boxes, but may leave too much space - between words. - Lasts until a |\fussy| command is issued. - -============================================================================== -12. Making Paragraphs *latex-paragraphs* - -A paragraph is ended by one or more completely blank lines -- lines not -containing even a |\%|. A blank line should not appear where a new paragraph -cannot be started, such as in math mode or in the argument of a sectioning -command. - -|\indent| Indent this paragraph. -|\noindent| Do not indent this paragraph. -|\par| Another way of writing a blank line. - -\indent *\indent* - This produces a horizontal space whose width equals the width - of the paragraph indentation. It is used to add paragraph - indentation where it would otherwise be suppressed. - -\noindent *\noindent* - When used at the beginning of the paragraph, it suppresses the - paragraph indentation. It has no effect when used in the - middle of a paragraph. - -\par *\par* - Equivalent to a blank line; often used to make command or - environment definitions easier to read. - -============================================================================== -13. Margin Notes *latex-margin-notes* - -\marginpar[left]{right} *\marginpar* - This command creates a note in the margin. The first line will - be at the same height as the line in the text where the - |\marginpar| occurs. - - When you only specify the mandatory argument {right}, the text - will be placed: - * in the right margin for one-sided layout - * in the outside margin for two-sided layout (|twoside|) - * in the nearest margin for two-column layout (|twocolumn|) - -\reversemarginpar *\reversemarginpar* - By issuing the command |\reversemarginpar|, you can force the - marginal notes to go into the opposite (inside) margin. - -When you specify both arguments, left is used for the left margin, and right -is used for the right margin. - -The first word will normally not be hyphenated; you can enable hyphenation by -prefixing the first word with a \hspace{0pt} command (|hspace|). - -============================================================================== -14. Math Formulae *latex-math* - *displaymath* -There are three environments (|latex-environments|) that put LaTeX in math -mode: -|math| For Formulae that appear right in the text. -|displaymath| For Formulae that appear on their own line. -|equation| The same as the displaymath environment except that it adds an - equation number in the right margin. - -The |math| environment can be used in both paragraph and LR mode, but the -|displaymath| and |equation| environments can be used only in paragraph mode. The -|math| and |displaymath| environments are used so often that they have the -following short forms: - \(...\) instead of \begin{math}...\end{math} - \[...\] instead of \begin{displaymath}...\end{displaymath} - -In fact, the math environment is so common that it has an even shorter form: - $ ... $ instead of \(...\) - -|sub-sup| Also known as exponent or index. -|math-symbols| Various mathematical squiggles. -|math-spacing| Thick, medium, thin and negative spaces. -|math-misc| Stuff that doesn't fit anywhere else. - -========== -Subscripts & Superscripts *sub-sup* - *subscripts* *superscripts* - -To get an expression exp to appear as a subscript, you just type _{exp}. To -get exp to appear as a superscript, you type ^{exp}. LaTeX handles -superscripted superscripts and all of that stuff in the natural way. It even -does the right thing when something has both a subscript and a superscript. - -========== -Math Symbols *math-symbols* - -LaTeX provides almost any mathematical symbol you're likely to need. The -commands for generating them can be used only in math mode. For example, if -you include > - $\pi$ -in your source, you will get the symbol in your output. - -========== -Spacing in Math Mode *math-spacing* - -In a math environment, LaTeX ignores the spaces you type and puts in the -spacing that it thinks is best. LaTeX formats mathematics the way it's done in -mathematics texts. If you want different spacing, LaTeX provides the following -four commands for use in math mode: - \; - a thick space *math;* - \: - a medium space *math:* - \, - a thin space *math,* - \! - a negative thin space *matn!* - -========== -Math Miscellany *math-misc* - -\cdots *\cdots* - Produces a horizontal ellipsis where the dots are raised to - the centre of the line. -\ddots *\ddots* - Produces a diagonal ellipsis. -\frac{num}{den} *\frac* - Produces the fraction num divided by den. -\ldots *\ldots* - Produces an ellipsis. This command works in any mode, not just - math mode. -\overbrace{text} *\overbrace* - Generates a brace over text. -\overline{text} *\overline* - Causes the argument text to be overlined. -\sqrt[root]{arg} *\sqrt* - Produces the square root of its argument. The optional - argument, [root], determines what root to produce, i.e., the - cube root of x+y would be typed as: > - $\sqrt[3]{x+y}$. -\underbrace{text} *\underbrace* - Generates text with a brace underneath. -\underline{text} *\underline* - Causes the argument text to be underlined. This command can - also be used in paragraph and LR mode. -\vdots *\vdots* - Produces a vertical ellipsis. - -============================================================================== -15. Modes *latex-modes* - -When LaTeX is processing your input text, it is always in one of three modes: - Paragraph mode *paragraph-mode* - Math mode *math-mode* - Left-to-right mode, called LR mode for short. *lr-mode* - -LaTeX changes mode only when it goes up or down a staircase to a different -level, though not all level changes produce mode changes. Mode changes occur -only when entering or leaving an environment, or when LaTeX is processing the -argument of certain text-producing commands. - -|paragraph-mode| is the most common; it's the one LaTeX is in when processing -ordinary text. In that mode, LaTeX breaks your text into lines and breaks the -lines into pages. LaTeX is in |math-mode| when it's generating a mathematical -formula. In |lr-mode|, as in |paragraph-mode|, LaTeX considers the output that -it produces to be a string of words with spaces between them. However, unlike -|paragraph-mode|, LaTeX keeps going from left to right; it never starts a new -line in |lr-mode|. Even if you put a hundred words into an |\mbox|, LaTeX would -keep typesetting them from left to right inside a single box, and then -complain because the resulting box was too wide to fit on the line. - -LaTeX is in |lr-mode| when it starts making a box with an |\mbox| command. You -can get it to enter a different mode inside the box - for example, you can -make it enter |math-mode| to put a formula in the box. There are also several -text-producing commands and environments for making a box that put LaTeX in -|paragraph-mode|. The box make by one of these commands or environments will be -called a |\parbox|. When LaTeX is in |paragraph-mode| while making a box, it is -said to be in "inner paragraph mode". Its normal |paragraph-mode|, which it -starts out in, is called "outer paragraph mode". - -============================================================================== -16. Page Styles *latex-page-styles* - -The |\documentclass| command determines the size and position of the page's head -and foot. The page style determines what goes in them. - -|\maketitle| Generate a title page. -|\pagenumbering| Set the style used for page numbers. -|\pagestyle| Change the headings/footings style. -|\thispagestyle| Change the headings/footings style for this page. - -\maketitle *\maketitle* - The |\maketitle| command generates a title on a separate title - page - except in the |\article| class, where the title normally - goes at the top of the first page. Information used to - produce the title is obtained from the following declarations: - - |\author| Who wrote this stuff? - |\date| The date the document was created. - |\thanks| A special form of footnote. - |\title| How to set the document title. - - \author{names} *\author* *\and* - The |\author| command declares the author(s), where - names is a list of authors separated by \and commands. - Use |\\| to separate lines within a single author's - entry -- for example, to give the author's institution - or address. - - \date{text} *\date* - The |\date| command declares text to be the document's - date. With no |\date| command, the current date is - used. - - \thanks{text} *\thanks* - The |\thanks| command produces a |\footnote| to the - title. - - \title{text} *\title* - The |\title| command declares text to be the title. Use - |\\| to tell LaTeX where to start a new line in a long - title. - -\pagenumbering{numstyle} *\pagenumbering* - Specifies the style of page numbers. Possible values of - 'numstyle' are: - arabic - Arabic numerals *arabic* - roman - Lowercase Roman numerals *roman* - Roman - Uppercase Roman numerals *Roman* - alph - Lowercase letters *alph* - Alph - Uppercase letters *Alph* - -\pagestyle{option} *\pagestyle* - *plain* *empty* *headings* - The |\pagestyle| command changes the style from the current - page on throughout the remainder of your document. - The valid options are: - plain - Just a plain page number. - empty - Produces empty heads and feet no page numbers. - headings - Puts running headings on each page. The document - style specifies what goes in the headings. - myheadings - You specify what is to go in the heading with the - |\markboth| or the |\markright| commands. - - |\markboth| Set left and right headings. - |\markright| Set right heading only. - - \markboth{left head}{right head} *\markboth* - The |\markboth| command is used in conjunction with the - page style myheadings for setting both the left and - the right heading. - Note that a "left-hand heading" is generated by the - last |\markboth| command before the end of the page, - while a "right-hand heading" is generated by the first - |\markboth| or |\markright| that comes on the page if - there is one, otherwise by the last one before the - page. - - - \markright{right head} *\markright* - The |\markright| command is used in conjunction with - the page style |\myheadings| for setting the right - heading, leaving the left heading unchanged. - Note that a "left-hand heading" is generated by the - last |\markboth| command before the end of the page, - while a "right-hand heading" is generated by the first - |\markboth| or |\markright| that comes on the page if - there is one, otherwise by the last one before the - page. - -\thispagestyle{option} *\thispagestyle* - The |\thispagestyle| command works in the same manner as the - |\pagestyle| command except that it changes the style for the - current page only. - -============================================================================== -17. Sectioning *latex-sectioning* - -Sectioning commands provide the means to structure your text into units. -|\part| -|\chapter| (report and book class only) -|\section| -|\subsection| -|\subsubsection| -|\paragraph| -|\subparagraph| - -All sectioning commands take the same general form, i.e., - - *\part* - *\chapter* (report and book class only) - *\section* *\subsection* *\subsubsection* - *\paragraph* *\subparagraph* -\chapter[optional]{title} - In addition to providing the heading in the text, the - mandatory argument of the sectioning command can appear in two - other places: - 1. The table of contents - 2. The running head at the top of the page. You may not want - the same thing to appear in these other two places as - appears in the text heading. To handle this situation, the - sectioning commands have an optional argument that provides - the text for these other two purposes. - -All sectioning commands have *\-forms that print a title, but do not include a -number and do not make an entry in the table of contents. - -\appendix *\appendix* - The |\appendix| command changes the way sectional units are - numbered. The |\appendix| command generates no text and does - not affect the numbering of parts. The normal use of this - command is something like: > - \chapter{The First Chapter} - ... - \appendix \chapter{The First Appendix} - - -============================================================================== -18. Spaces & Boxes *latex-spaces-boxes* - -All the predefined length parameters See section Predefined lengths can be -used in the arguments of the box-making commands. - - Horizontal space: - -|\dotfill| Stretchable horizontal dots. -|\hfill| Stretchable horizontal space. -|\hrulefill| Stretchable horizontal rule. -|\hspace| Fixed horizontal space. - - Vertical space: - -|\addvspace| Fixed vertical space. -|\bigskip| Fixed vertical space. -|\medskip| Fixed vertical space. -|\smallskip| Fixed vertical space. -|\vfill| Stretchable vertical space. -|\vspace| Fixed vertical space. - - Boxes: - -|\fbox| Framebox. -|\framebox| Framebox, adjustable position. -|\lrbox| An environment like |\sbox|. -|\makebox| Box, adjustable position. -|\mbox| Box. -|\newsavebox| Declare a name for saving a box. -|\parbox| Box with text in paragraph mode. -|\raisebox| Raise or lower text. -|\rule| Lines and squares. -|\savebox| Like |\makebox|, but save the text for later use. -|\sbox| Like |\mbox|, but save the text for later use. -|\usebox| Print saved text. - -Horizontal space: *latex-hor-space* - -LaTeX removes horizontal space that comes at the end of a line. If you don't -want LaTeX to remove this space, include the optional * argument. Then the -space is never removed. - -\dotfill *\dotfill* - The |\dotfill| command produces a "rubber length" that produces - dots instead of just spaces. - -\hfill *\hfill* - The |\hfill| fill command produces a "rubber length" which can - stretch or shrink horizontally. It will be filled with spaces. - -\hrulefill *\hrulefill* - The |\hrulefill| fill command produces a "rubber length" which - can stretch or shrink horizontally. It will be filled with a - horizontal rule. - -\hspace[*]{length} *\hspace* - The |\hspace| command adds horizontal space. The length of the - space can be expressed in any terms that LaTeX understands, - i.e., points, inches, etc. You can add negative as well as - positive space with an |\hspace| command. Adding negative space - is like backspacing. - - -Vertical space: *latex-ver-space* - -LaTeX removes vertical space that comes at the end of a page. If you don't -want LaTeX to remove this space, include the optional * argument. Then the -space is never removed. - -\addvspace{length} *\addvspace* - The |\addvspace| command normally adds a vertical space of - height length. However, if vertical space has already been - added to the same point in the output by a previous - |\addvspace| command, then this command will not add more space - than needed to make the natural length of the total vertical - space equal to length. - -\bigskip *\bigskip* - The |\bigskip| command is equivalent to \vspace{bigskipamount} - where bigskipamount is determined by the document class. - -\medskip *\medskip* - The |\medskip| command is equivalent to \vspace{medskipamount} - where medskipamount is determined by the document class. - -\smallskip *\smallskip* - The |\smallskip| command is equivalent to - \vspace{smallskipamount} where smallskipamount is determined - by the document class. - -\vfill *\vfill* - The |\vfill| fill command produces a rubber length which can - stretch or shrink vertically. - -\vspace[*]{length} *\vspace* - The |\vspace| command adds vertical space. The length of the - space can be expressed in any terms that LaTeX understands, - i.e., points, inches, etc. You can add negative as well as - positive space with an |\vspace| command. - - -Boxes: *latex-boxes* - -\fbox{text} *\fbox* - The |\fbox| command is exactly the same as the |\mbox| command, - except that it puts a frame around the outside of the box that - it creates. - -\framebox[width][position]{text} *\framebox* - The |\framebox| command is exactly the same as the |\makebox| - command, except that it puts a frame around the outside of the - box that it creates. - The |\framebox| command produces a rule of thickness - |\fboxrule|, and leaves a space |\fboxsep| between the rule and - the contents of the box. - -lrbox *\lrbox* -\begin{lrbox}{cmd} text \end{lrbox} - This is the environment form of |\sbox|. - The text inside the environment is saved in the box cmd, which - must have been declared with |\newsavebox|. - -\makebox[width][position]{text} *\makebox* - The |\makebox| command creates a box just wide enough to - contain the text specified. The width of the box is specified - by the optional [width] argument. The position of the text - within the box is determined by the optional [position] - argument. - c -- centred (default) - l -- flushleft - r -- flushright - s -- stretch from left to right margin. The text must - contain stretchable space for this to work. - See section |\picture-makebox|. - -\mbox{text} *\mbox* - The |\mbox| command creates a box just wide enough to hold the - text created by its argument. - Use this command to prevent text from being split across - lines. - -\newsavebox{cmd} *\newsavebox* - Declares {cmd}, which must be a command name that is not - already defined, to be a bin for saving boxes. - - -\parbox[position][height][innerpos]{width}{text} *\parbox* - A parbox is a box whose contents are created in - |\paragraph-mode|. The |\parbox| has two - - Mandatory arguments: -'width' specifies the width of the parbox -'text' the text that goes inside the parbox. - - Optional arguments: -'position' LaTeX will position a parbox so its centre lines up with the - centre of the text line. The optional position argument allows - you to line up either the top or bottom line in the parbox - (default is top). - -'height' If the height argument is not given, the box will have the - natural height of the text. - -'innerpos' The inner-pos argument controls the placement of the text - inside the box. If it is not specified, position is used. - t -- text is placed at the top of the box - c -- text is centred in the box - b -- text is placed at the bottom of the box - s -- stretch vertically. The text must contain - vertically stretchable space for this to work. - - A |\parbox| command is used for a parbox containing a small - piece of text, with nothing fancy inside. In particular, you - shouldn't use any of the paragraph-making environments inside - a |\parbox| argument. For larger pieces of text, including ones - containing a paragraph-making environment, you should use a - |\minipage| environment. - -\raisebox{distance}[extendabove][extendbelow]{text} *\raisebox* - The |\raisebox| command is used to raise or lower text. The - first mandatory argument specifies how high the text is to be - raised (or lowered if it is a negative amount). The text - itself is processed in LR mode. - Sometimes it's useful to make LaTeX think something has a - different size than it really does - or a different size than - LaTeX would normally think it has. The |\raisebox| command - lets you tell LaTeX how tall it is. - The first optional argument, extend-above, makes LaTeX think - that the text extends above the line by the amount specified. - The second optional argument, extend-below, makes LaTeX think - that the text extends below the line by the amount specified. - -\rule[raiseheight]{width}{thickness} *\rule* - The |\rule| command is used to produce horizontal lines. The - arguments are defined as follows: -'raiseheight' specifies how high to raise the rule (optional) -'width' specifies the length of the rule (mandatory) -'thickness' specifies the thickness of the rule (mandatory) - -\savebox{cmd}[width][pos]{text} *\savebox* - This command typeset text in a box just as for |\makebox|. - However, instead of printing the resulting box, it saves it in - bin cmd, which must have been declared with |\newsavebox|. - -\sbox{text} *\sbox* - This commands typeset text in a box just as for |\mbox|. - However, instead of printing the resulting box, it saves it in - bin cmd, which must have been declared with |\newsavebox|. - -\usebox{cmd} *\usebox* - Prints the box most recently saved in bin cmd by a |\savebox| - command. - -============================================================================== -19. Special Characters *latex-special* - -The following characters play a special role in LaTeX and are called "special -printing characters", or simply "special characters". > - # $ % & ~ _ ^ \ { } -Whenever you put one of these special characters into your file, you are doing -something special. If you simply want the character to be printed just as any -other letter, include a \ in front of the character. For example, \$ will -produce $ in your output. - -One exception to this rule is the \ itself because |\\| has its own special -meaning. A \ is produced by typing $\backslash$ in your file. - -Also, \~ means `place a tilde accent over the following letter', so you will -probably want to use |\verb| instead. - *\symbol* -In addition, you can access any character of a font once you know its number -by using the |\symbol| command. For example, the character used for displaying -spaces in the |\verb|* command has the code decimal 32, so it can be typed as -\symbol{32}. - -You can also specify octal numbers with ' or hexadecimal numbers with ", so -the previous example could also be written as \symbol{'40} or \symbol{"20}. - -============================================================================== -20. Splitting the Input *latex-inputting* - -A large document requires a lot of input. Rather than putting the whole input -in a single large file, it's more efficient to split it into several smaller -ones. Regardless of how many separate files you use, there is one that is the -root file; it is the one whose name you type when you run LaTeX. - -|\include| Conditionally include a file -|\includeonly| Determine which files are included -|\input| Unconditionally include a file - -\include{file} *\include* - The \include command is used in conjunction with the - |\includeonly| command for selective inclusion of - files. The file argument is the first name of a file, - denoting `file.tex' . If file is one the file names in - the file list of the |\includeonly| command or if there - is no |\includeonly| command, the \include command is - equivalent to: > - \clearpage \input{file} \clearpage -< - except that if the file `file.tex' does not exist, - then a warning message rather than an error is - produced. If the file is not in the file list, the - \include command is equivalent to |\clearpage|. - - The |\include| command may not appear in the preamble or in a - file read by another |\include| command. - -\includeonly{filelist} *\includeonly* - The |\includeonly| command controls which files will be read in - by an |\include| command. {filelist} should be a - comma-separated list of filenames. Each filename must match - exactly a filename specified in a |\include| command. This - command can only appear in the preamble. - -\input{file} *\input* - The |\input| command causes the indicated file to be read and - processed, exactly as if its contents had been inserted in the - current file at that point. The file name may be a complete - file name with extension or just a first name, in which case - the file `file.tex' is used. -============================================================================== -21. Starting & Ending *latex-start-end* - -Your input file must contain the following commands as a minimum: -\documentclass{class} |\documentclass| -\begin{document} |\begin| -... your text goes here ... -\end{document} |\end| - -where the class selected is one of the valid classes for LaTeX. -See |\classes|for details of the various document classes. - -You may include other LaTeX commands between the |\documentclass| and the -\begin{document} commands (i.e., in the `preamble'). -============================================================================== -22. Table of Contents *latex-toc* - - *\tableofcontents* -A table of contents is produced with the |\tableofcontents| command. You put -the command right where you want the table of contents to go; LaTeX does the -rest for you. It produces a heading, but it does not automatically start a new -page. If you want a new page after the table of contents, include a |\newpage| -command after the |\tableofcontents| command. - - *\listoffigures* *\listoftables* -There are similar commands |\listoffigures| and |\listoftables| for producing a -list of figures and a list of tables, respectively. Everything works exactly -the same as for the table of contents. - - *\nofiles* -NOTE: If you want any of these items to be generated, you cannot have the -\nofiles command in your document. - -|\addcontentsline| Add an entry to table of contents etc. -|\addtocontents| Add text directly to table of contents file etc. - -\addcontentsline{file}{secunit}{entry} *\addcontentsline* - The |\addcontentsline| command adds an entry to the specified - list or table where: -{file} is the extension of the file on which information is to be - written: - toc (table of contents), - lof (list of figures), - lot (list of tables). -{secunit} controls the formatting of the entry. It should be one of the - following, depending upon the value of the file argument: - toc -- the name of the sectional unit, such as part or - subsection. - lof -- figure - lot -- table -{entry} is the text of the entry. - -\addtocontents{file}{text} *\addtocontents* - The |\addtocontents| command adds text (or formatting commands) - directly to the file that generates the table of contents or - list of figures or tables. -{file} is the extension of the file on which information is to be written: - toc (table of contents), - lof (list of figures), - lot (list of tables). -{text} is the information to be written. - -============================================================================== -23. Terminal Input/Output *latex-terminal* - -|\typein| Read text from the terminal. -|\typeout| Write text to the terminal. - -\typein[cmd]{msg} *\typein* - Prints {msg} on the terminal and causes LaTeX to stop and wait - for you to type a line of input, ending with return. If the - [cmd] argument is missing, the typed input is processed as if - it had been included in the input file in place of the - |\typein| command. If the [cmd] argument is present, it must be - a command name. This command name is then defined or redefined - to be the typed input. - -\typeout{msg} *\typeout* - Prints {msg} on the terminal and in the `.log' file. Commands - in {msg} that are defined with |\newcommand| or |\renewcommand| - are replaced by their definitions before being printed. - - *\space* -LaTeX's usual rules for treating multiple spaces as a single space and -ignoring spaces after a command name apply to {msg}. A |\space| command in {msg} -causes a single space to be printed. A ^^J in {msg} prints a newline. - -============================================================================== -24. Typefaces *latex-typefaces* - -The typeface is specified by giving the "size" and "style". A typeface is also -called a "font". -|font-styles| Select roman, italics etc. -|font-size| Select point size. -|font-lowlevelcommands| Commands for wizards. - -Styles *font-styles* - -The following type style commands are supported by LaTeX. - -These commands are used like: > - \textit{italics text}. -The corresponding command in parenthesis is the "declaration form", which -takes no arguments. The scope of the declaration form lasts until the next -type style command or the end of the current group. - -The declaration forms are cumulative; i.e., you can say: > - \sffamily\bfseries -to get sans serif boldface. - -You can also use the environment form of the declaration forms; e.g.: > - \begin{ttfamily}...\end{ttfamily}. -< -\textrm (\rmfamily) *\textrm* *\rmfamily* - Roman - -\textit (\itshape) *\textit* *\itshape* *\emph* - Emphasis (toggles between |\textit| and |\textrm|). - -\textmd (\mdseries) *\textmd* *\mdseries* - Medium weight (default). The opposite of boldface. - -\textbf (\bfseries) *\textbf* *\bfseries* - Boldface. - -\textup (\upshape) *\textup* *\upshape* - Upright (default). The opposite of slanted. - -\textsl (\slshape) *\textsl* *\slshape* - Slanted. - -\textsf (\sffamily) *\textsf* *\sffamily* - Sans serif. - -\textsc (\scshape) *\textsc* *\scshape* - Small caps. - -\texttt (\ttfamily) *\texttt* *\ttfamily* - Typewriter. - -\textnormal (\normalfont) *\textnormal* *\normalfont* - Main document font. - -\mathrm *\mathrm* - Roman, for use in math mode. - -\mathbf *\mathbf* - Boldface, for use in math mode. - -\mathsf *\mathsf* - Sans serif, for use in math mode. - -\mathtt *\mathtt* - Typewriter, for use in math mode. - -\mathit *\mathit* - Italics, for use in math mode, e.g. variable names with - several letters. - -\mathnormal *\mathnormal* - For use in math mode, e.g. inside another type style - declaration. - -\mathcal *\mathcal* - `Calligraphic' letters, for use in math mode. - - *\mathversion* -In addition, the command \mathversion{bold} can be used for switching to bold -letters and symbols in formulas. \mathversion{normal} restores the default. - -========== -Sizes *font-size* - -The following standard type size commands are supported by LaTeX. - -The commands as listed here are "declaration forms". The scope of the -declaration form lasts until the next type style command or the end of the -current group. - -You can also use the environment form of these commands; e.g. > - \begin{tiny}...\end{tiny} - -\tiny *\tiny* -\scriptsize *\scriptsize* -\footnotesize *\footnotesize* -\small *\small* -\normalsize(default) *\normalsize* -\large *\large* -\Large *\Large* -\LARGE *\LARGE* -\huge *\huge* -\Huge *\Huge* - -========== -Low-level font commands *font-lowlevelcommands* - -These commands are primarily intended for writers of macros and packages. The -commands listed here are only a subset of the available ones. For full -details, you should consult Chapter 7 of The LaTeX Companion. - -\fontencoding{enc} *\fontencoding* - Select font encoding. Valid encodings include OT1 and T1. - -\fontfamily{family} *\fontfamily* - Select font family. Valid families include: - cmr for Computer Modern Roman - cmss for Computer Modern Sans Serif - cmtt for Computer Modern Typewriter - and numerous others. - -\fontseries{series} *\fontseries* - Select font series. Valid series include: - m Medium (normal) - b Bold - c Condensed - bc Bold condensed - bx Bold extended - and various other combinations. - -\fontshape{shape} *\fontshape* - Select font shape. Valid shapes are: - n Upright (normal) - it Italic - sl Slanted (oblique) - sc Small caps - ui Upright italics - ol Outline - The two last shapes are not available for most font families. - -\fontsize{size}{skip} *\fontsize* - Set font size. The first parameter is the font size to switch - to; the second is the \baselineskip to use. The unit of both - parameters defaults to pt. A rule of thumb is that the - baselineskip should be 1.2 times the font size. - -\selectfont *\selectfont* - The changes made by calling the four font commands described - above do not come into effect until |\selectfont| is called. - -\usefont{enc}{family}{series}{shape} *\usefont* - Equivalent to calling |\fontencoding|, |\fontfamily|, - |\fontseries| and |\fontshape| with the given parameters, - followed by |\selectfont|. - -============================================================================== -25. Parameters *latex-parameters* - -The input file specification indicates the file to be formatted; TeX uses -`.tex' as a default file extension. If you omit the input file entirely, TeX -accepts input from the terminal. You specify command options by supplying a -string as a parameter to the command; e.g. > - - latex "\scrollmode\input foo.tex" - -will process `foo.tex' without pausing after every error. - -Output files are always created in the current directory. When you fail to -specify an input file name, TeX bases the output names on the file -specification associated with the logical name TEX_OUTPUT, typically -texput.log. - - vim:tw=78:ts=8:ft=help:norl: |