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diff --git a/dot_vim/doc/latexhelp.txt b/dot_vim/doc/latexhelp.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2782424 --- /dev/null +++ b/dot_vim/doc/latexhelp.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2430 @@ +*latexhelp.txt* For Vim version 6.0. Last change: 2001 Dec 20 + + + LATEX HELP 1.6 + translated (with minor changes) for vim + by Mikolaj Machowski + +This file documents LaTeX2e, a document preparation system. LaTeX2e is a +macro package for TeX. + + This is edition 1.6 of the LaTeX2e documentation, and is for the Texinfo +that is distributed as part of Version 19 of GNU Emacs. It uses version +2.134 or later of the texinfo.tex input file. + + This is translated from LATEX.HLP v1.0a in the VMS Help Library. The +pre-translation version was written by George D. Greenwade of Sam Houston +State University. + + The LaTeX 2.09 version was written by Stephen Gilmore <stg@dcs.ed.ac.uk>. + + The LaTeX2e version was adapted from this by Torsten Martinsen +<bullestock@dk-online.dk>. + + Version for vim of this manual was written by Mikolaj Machowski +<mikmach@wp.pl> + + Copyright 1988,1994 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Copyright 1994-1996 +Torsten Martinsen. Copyright for `translation' for vim Mikolaj Machowski 2001. + + Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this manual +provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on +all copies. + + Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this +manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire +resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission +notice identical to this one. + + Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual +into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions, +except that the sections entitled "Distribution" and "General Public +License" may be included in a translation approved by the author instead of +in the original English. + +============================================================================== +*LaTeX* *latex* + +The LaTeX command typesets a file of text using the TeX program and the LaTeX +Macro package for TeX. To be more specific, it processes an input file +containing the text of a document with interspersed commands that describe how +the text should be formatted. + +1. Commands |latex-commands| +2. Counters |latex-counters| +3. Cross References |latex-references| +4. Definitions |latex-definitions| +5. Document Classes |latex-classes| +6. Layout |latex-layout| +7. Environments |latex-environments| +8. Footnotes |latex-footnotes| +9. Lengths |latex-lengths| +10. Letters |latex-letters| +11. Line & Page Breaking |latex-breaking| +12. Making Paragraphs |latex-paragraphs| +13. Margin Notes |latex-margin-notes| +14. Math Formulae |latex-math| +15. Modes |latex-modes| +16. Page Styles |latex-page-styles| +17. Sectioning |latex-sectioning| +18. Spaces & Boxes |latex-spaces-boxes| +19. Special Characters |latex-special-char| +20. Splitting the Input |latex-inputting| +21. Starting & Ending |latex-start-end| +22. Table of Contents |latex-toc| +23. Terminal Input/Output |latex-terminal| +24. Typefaces |latex-typefaces| +25. Parameters |latex-parameters| + +============================================================================== +1. Commands *latex-commands* + +A LaTeX command begins with the command name, which consists of a \ followed +by either + (a) a string of letters or + (b) a single non-letter. + +Arguments contained in square brackets, [], are optional while arguments +contained in braces, {}, are required. + +NOTE: LaTeX is case sensitive. Enter all commands in lower case unless +explicitly directed to do otherwise. + +============================================================================== +2. Counters *latex-counters* + +|\addtocounter| Add a quantity to a counter +|\alph| Print value of a counter using letters +|\arabic| Print value of a counter using numerals +|\fnsymbol| Print value of a counter using symbols +|\newcounter| Define a new counter +|\refstepcounter| Add to counter, resetting subsidiary counters +|\roman| Print value of a counter using roman numerals +|\setcounter| Set the value of a counter +|\stepcounter| Add to counter, resetting subsidiary counters +|\usecounter| Use a specified counter in a list environment +|\value| Use the value of a counter in an expression + +Everything LaTeX numbers for you has a counter associated with it. The name of +the counter is the same as the name of the environment or command that +produces the number, except with no |\\|. (|lc-enumi| - |lc-enumiv| are used +for the nested |\enumerate| environment.) Below is a list of the counters +used in LaTeX's standard document classes to control numbering. + + |part| |paragraph| |figure| |enumi| |itemi| + |chapter| |subparagraph| |table| |enumii| |itemii| + |section| |page| |footnote| |enumiii| |itemiii| + |subsection| |equation| |mpfootnote| |enumiv| |itemiv| + |subsubsection| + + +\addtocounter{counter}{value} *\addtocounter* + Increments the {counter} by the amount specified by the + {value} argument. The {value} argument can be negative. + +\alph{counter} *\alph* *\Alph* +\Alph{counter} + This command causes the value of the counter to be printed in + alphabetic characters. |\alph| command uses lower case + alphabetic alphabetic characters, i.e., a, b, c... while the + |\Alph| command uses upper case alphabetic characters, i.e., + A, B, C.... + +\arabic{counter} *\arabic* + Causes the value of the {counter} to be printed in Arabic + numbers, i.e., 3. + +\fnsymbol{counter} *\fnsymbol* + Causes the value of the {counter} to be printed in a specific + sequence of nine symbols that can be used for numbering + footnotes. + Note: counter must have a value between 1 and 9 inclusive. + +\newcounter{foo}[counter] *\newcounter* + Defines a new counter named {foo}. The counter is initialized + to zero. The optional argument [counter] causes the counter + {foo} to be reset whenever the counter named in the optional + argument is incremented. + +\refstepcounter{counter} *\refstepcounter* + Command works like |\stepcounter|, except it also defines the + current |\ref| value to be the result of \thecounter. + +\roman{counter} *\roman* *\Roman* +\Roman{counter} + Causes the value of the {counter} to be printed in Roman + numerals. The |\roman| command uses lower case Roman numerals, + i.e., i, ii, iii..., while the |\Roman| command uses upper case + Roman numerals, i.e., I, II, III.... + +\stepcounter{counter} *\stepcounter* + Adds one to the {counter} and resets all subsidiary counters. + +\setcounter{counter}{value} *\setcounter* + Sets the value of the {counter} to that specified by the + {value} argument. + +\usecounter{counter} *\usecounter* + Command is used in the second argument of the |list| + environment to allow the {counter} specified to be used to + number the list items. + +\value{counter} *\value* + Produces the value of the {counter} named in the mandatory + argument. It can be used where LaTeX expects an integer or + number, such as the second argument of a |\setcounter| or + |\addtocounter| command, or in: > + \hspace{\value{foo}\parindent} +< It is useful for doing arithmetic with counters. + +============================================================================== +3. Cross References *latex-references* + +One reason for numbering things like figures and equations is to refer the +reader to them, as in "See Figure 3 for more details." + +|\label| Assign a symbolic name to a piece of text +|\pageref| Refer to a page number +|\ref| Refer to a section, figure or similar + + +\label{key} *\label* + Command appearing in ordinary text assigns to the {key} the + number of the current sectional unit; one appearing inside a + numbered environment assigns that number to the {key}. + + A {key} can consist of any sequence of letters, digits, or + punctuation characters. Upper and lowercase letters are + different. + + To avoid accidentally creating two labels with the same name, + it is common to use labels consisting of a prefix and a suffix + separated by a colon. The prefixes conventionally used are + * 'cha' for chapters + * 'sec' for lower-level sectioning commands + * 'fig' for figures + * 'tab' for tables + * 'eq' for equations + Thus, a label for a figure would look like: > + \label{fig:bandersnatch} + +\pageref{key} *\pageref* + Command produces the page number of the place in the text + where the corresponding |\label| command appears. ie. where + \label{key} appears. + +\ref{key} *\ref* + Command produces the number of the sectional unit, equation + number, ... of the corresponding |\label| command. + +============================================================================== +4. Definitions *latex-definitions* + +|\newcommand| Define a new command +|\newenvironment| Define a new environment +|\newtheorem| Define a new theorem-like environment +|\newfont| Define a new font name + + +\newcommand{cmd}[args]{definition} *\newcommand* *\renewcommand* +\newcommand{cmd}[args][default]{definition} +\renewcommand{cmd}[args]{definition} +\renewcommand{cmd}[args][default]{definition} + +These commands define (or redefine) a command. + +{cmd} A command name beginning with a |\\|. For |\newcommand| it must + not be already defined and must not begin with |\end|; for + |\renewcommand| it must already be defined. + +{args} An integer from 1 to 9 denoting the number of arguments of the + command being defined. The default is for the command to have + no arguments. + +{default} If this optional parameter is present, it means that the + command's first argument is optional. The default value of the + optional argument is default. + +{definition} The text to be substituted for every occurrence of {cmd}; a + parameter of the form #n in {cmd} is replaced by the text of + the nth argument when this substitution takes place. + + *\newenvironment* *\renewenvironment* +\newenvironment{nam}[args]{begdef}{enddef} +\newenvironment{nam}[args][default]{begdef}{enddef} +\renewenvironment{nam}[args]{begdef}{enddef} + +These commands define or redefine an environment. + +{nam} The name of the environment. For |\newenvironment| there must + be no currently defined environment by that name, and the + command \nam must be undefined. For |\renewenvironment| the + environment must already be defined. + +{args} An integer from 1 to 9 denoting the number of arguments of + the newly-defined environment. The default is no arguments. + +{default} If this is specified, the first argument is optional, and + default gives the default value for that argument. + +{begdef} The text substituted for every occurrence of \begin{nam}; a + parameter of the form #n in {cmd} is replaced by the text of + the nth argument when this substitution takes place. + +{enddef} The text substituted for every occurrence of \end{nam}. It + may not contain any argument parameters. + + +\newtheorem{envname}{caption}[within] *\newtheorem* +\newtheorem{envname}[numberedlike]{caption} + +This command defines a theorem-like environment. + +{envname} The name of the environment to be defined. A string of + letters. It must not be the name of an existing environment or + counter. + +{caption} The text printed at the beginning of the environment, right + before the number. This may simply say "Theorem", for example. + +{within} The name of an already defined counter, usually of a sectional + unit. Provides a means of resetting the new theorem counter + within the sectional unit. + +{numberedlike} The name of an already defined theorem-like environment. + +The |\newtheorem| command may have at most one optional argument. + + +\newfont{cmd}{fontname} *\newfont* + Defines the command name {cmd}, which must not be currently + defined, to be a declaration that selects the font named + {fontname} to be the current font. + +============================================================================== +5. Document Classes *latex-classes* + + +\documentclass[options]{class} *\documentclass* + +Valid LaTeX document classes include: + *article *article-class* + *report *report-class* + *letter *letter-class* + *book *book-class* + *slides *slides-class* + +All the standard classes (except slides) accept the following options for +selecting the typeface size (10 pt is default): + +10pt, 11pt, 12pt + +All classes accept these options for selecting the paper size (default is +letter): + +a4paper, a5paper, b5paper, letterpaper, legalpaper, executivepaper + +Miscellaneous options: + +landscape *landscape* + Selects landscape format. Default is portrait. + +titlepage, notitlepage *notitlepage* + Selects if there should be a separate title page. + +leqno *leqno* *rqno* + Equation number on left side of equations. Default is + right side. + +fleqn *fleqn* + Displayed formulas flush left. Default is centred. + +openbib *openbib* + Use "open" bibliography format. + +draft, final *draft* *final* + Mark/do not mark overfull boxes with a rule. Default is + final. + +These options are not available with the slides class: + +oneside, twoside *oneside* *twoside* + Selects one- or twosided layout. Default is oneside, + except for the book class. + +openright, openany *openright* *openany* + Determines if a chapter should start on a right-hand page. + Default is openright for book. + +onecolumn, twocolumn *onecolumn* *twocolumn* + One or two columns. Defaults to one column. + +The slides class offers the option clock for printing the time at the bottom +of each |\note|. + +If you specify more than one option, they must be separated by a comma. + +\usepackage[options]{pkg} *\usepackage* + Additional packages are loaded by this. If you + specify more than one package, they must be separated by a + comma. + +Any options given in the |\documentclass| command that are unknown by the +selected document class are passed on to the packages loaded with |\usepackage|. + +============================================================================== +6. Layout *latex-layout* + +Miscellaneous commands for controlling the general layout of the page. + +|\flushbottom| Make all text pages the same height. +|\onecolumn| Use one-column layout. +|\raggedbottom| Allow text pages of differing height. +|\twocolumn| Use two-column layout. + +\flushbottom *\flushbottom* + Makes all text pages the same height, adding extra vertical + space when necessary to fill out the page. This is the + standard if twocolumn mode is selected. + +\onecolumn *\onecolumn* + Starts a new page and produces single-column output. + +\raggedbottom *\raggedbottom* + Makes all pages the height of the text on that page. No extra + vertical space is added. + +\twocolumn[text] *\twocolumn* + Starts a new page and produces two-column output. If the + optional [text] argument is present, it is typeset in + one-column mode. + +============================================================================== +7. Environments *latex-environments* + + *\begin* *\end* +LaTeX provides a number of different paragraph-making environments. Each +environment begins and ends in the same manner: > + + \begin{environment-name} + . + . + . + \end{environment-name} +< +a. |array| Math arrays +b. |center| Centred lines +c. |description| Labelled lists +d. |enumerate| Numbered lists +e. |eqnarray| Sequences of aligned equations +f. |equation| Displayed equation +g. |figure| Floating figures +h. |flushleft| Flushed left lines +i. |flushright| Flushed right lines +j. |itemize| Bulleted lists +k. |letter| Letters +l. |list| Generic list environment +m. |minipage| Miniature page +n. |picture| Picture with text, arrows, lines and circles +o. |quotation| Indented environment with paragraph indentation +p. |quote-l| Indented environment with no paragraph indentation +q. |tabbing| Align text arbitrarily +r. |table| Floating tables +s. |tabular| Align text in columns +t. |thebibliography| Bibliography or reference list +u. |theorem| Theorems, lemmas, etc +v. |titlepage| For hand crafted title pages +x. |verbatim| Simulating typed input +y. |verse| For poetry and other things + +============================================================================== + a. array *array* +> + \begin{array}{col1col2...coln} + column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\ + . + . + . + \end{array} + +Math arrays are produced with the |array| environment. It has a single mandatory +argument describing the number of columns and the alignment within them. Each +column, coln, is specified by a single letter that tells how items in that row +should be formatted. + * c -- for centred + * l -- for flush left + * r -- for flush right +Column entries must be separated by an |&|. Column entries may include other +LaTeX commands. Each row of the array must be terminated with the string |\\|. + +Note that the |array| environment can only be used in |math-mode|, so normally +it is used inside an |equation| environment. + +============================================================================== +b. center *center* +> + \begin{center} + Text on line 1 \\ + Text on line 2 \\ + . + . + . + \end{center} + +The |\center| environment allows you to create a paragraph consisting of lines +that are centred within the left and right margins on the current page. Each +line must be terminated with the string |\\|. + +\centering *\centering* + This declaration corresponds to the |center| environment. This + declaration can be used inside an environment such as + |quote-l| or in a |\parbox|. The text of a |figure| or |table| + can be centred on the page by putting a |\centering| command + at the beginning of the |figure| or |table| environment. + Unlike the |center| environment, the |\centering| command does + not start a new paragraph; it simply changes how LaTeX formats + paragraph units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the + scope of the declaration must contain the blank line or |\end| + command (of an environment like |quote-l|) that ends the + paragraph unit. + +============================================================================== +c. description *description* +> + \begin{description} + \item [label] First item + \item [label] Second item + . + . + . + \end{description} + +The |description| environment is used to make labelled lists. The label is +bold face and flushed right. + +============================================================================== +d. enumerate *enumerate* +> + \begin{enumerate} + \item First item + \item Second item + . + . + . + \end{enumerate} + +The |enumerate| environment produces a numbered list. Enumerations can be +nested within one another, up to four levels deep. They can also be nested +within other paragraph-making environments. + +\item Each item of an enumerated list begins with an |\item| + command. There must be at least one |\item| command + within the environment. + +The |enumerate| environment uses the |\enumi| through |\enumiv| counters (see +section |latex-counters|). The type of numbering can be changed by redefining +\theenumi etc. + +============================================================================== +e. eqnarray *eqnarray* +> + \begin{eqnarray} + math formula 1 \\ + math formula 2 \\ + . + . + . + \end{eqnarray} + +The |eqnarray| environment is used to display a sequence of equations or +inequalities. It is very much like a three-column |array| environment, with +consecutive rows separated by |\\| and consecutive items within a row separated +by an |&|. + +\nonumber *\nonumber* + An equation number is placed on every line unless that + line has a |\nonumber| command. + +\lefteqn *\lefteqn* + The command |\lefteqn| is used for splitting long + formulas across lines. It typesets its argument in + display style flush left in a box of zero width. + +============================================================================== +f. equation *equation* +> + \begin{equation} + math formula + \end{equation} + +The |equation| environment centres your equation on the page and places the +equation number in the right margin. + +============================================================================== +g. figure *figure* +> + \begin{figure}[placement] + body of the figure + \caption{figure title} + \end{figure} + +Figures are objects that are not part of the normal text, and are usually +"floated" to a convenient place, like the top of a page. Figures will not be +split between two pages. + +The optional argument [placement] determines where LaTeX will try to place +your figure. There are four places where LaTeX can possibly put a float: + +h (Here) at the position in the text where the figure + environment appears. +t (Top) at the top of a text page. +b (Bottom) at the bottom of a text page. +p (Page of floats) on a separate float page, which is a page containing + no text, only floats. + +The standard |report-class| and |article-class| use the default placement +[tbp]. + +The body of the |figure| is made up of whatever text, LaTeX commands, etc. you +wish. + +The \caption command allows you to title your figure. + +============================================================================== +h. flushleft *flushleft* +> + \begin{flushleft} + Text on line 1 \\ + Text on line 2 \\ + . + . + . + \end{flushleft} + +The |flushleft| environment allows you to create a paragraph consisting of +lines that are flushed left, to the left-hand margin. Each line must be +terminated with the string |\\|. + +\raggedright *\raggedright* + This declaration corresponds to the |flushleft| environment. + This declaration can be used inside an environment such as + |quote-l| or in a |\parbox|. Unlike the |flushleft| + environment, the |\raggedright| command does not start a new + paragraph; it simply changes how LaTeX formats paragraph + units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the + declaration must contain the blank line or |\end| command (of + an environment like |quote-l|) that ends the paragraph unit. + +============================================================================== +i. flushright *flushright* +> + \begin{flushright} + Text on line 1 \\ + Text on line 2 \\ + . + . + . + \end{flushright} + +The |flushright| environment allows you to create a paragraph consisting of +lines that are flushed right, to the right-hand margin. Each line must be +terminated with the string |\\|. + +\raggedleft *\raggedleft* + This declaration corresponds to the |flushright| environment. + This declaration can be used inside an environment such as + |quote-l| or in a |\parbox|. Unlike the |flushright| + environment, the |\raggedleft| command does not start a new + paragraph; it simply changes how LaTeX formats paragraph + units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the + declaration must contain the blank line or |\end| command (of + an environment like |quote-l|) that ends the paragraph unit. + +============================================================================== +j. itemize *itemize* +> + \begin{itemize} + \item First item + \item Second item + . + . + . + \end{itemize} + +The |itemize| environment produces a "bulleted" list. Itemizations can be +nested within one another, up to four levels deep. They can also be nested +within other paragraph-making environments. + +\item *\item* + Each item of an itemized list begins with an |\item| command. + There must be at least one |\item| command within the + environment. + +The itemize environment uses the |\itemi| through |\itemiv| counters (see +section |latex-counters|). The type of numbering can be changed by redefining +\theitemi etc. + +============================================================================== +k. letter *\letter* + +This environment is used for creating letters. See section |latex-letters|. + +============================================================================== +l. list *list* + +The |list| environment is a generic environment which is used for defining many +of the more specific environments. It is seldom used in documents, but often +in macros. +> + \begin{list}{label}{spacing} + \item First item + \item Second item + . + . + . + \end{list} + +'label' The {label} argument specifies how items should be labelled. + This argument is a piece of text that is inserted in a box to + form the {label}. This argument can and usually does contain + other LaTeX commands. + +'spacing' The {spacing} argument contains commands to change the spacing + parameters for the |list|. This argument will most often be + null, i.e., {}. This will select all default spacing which + should suffice for most cases. + +============================================================================== +m. minipage *minipage* +> + \begin{minipage}[position]{width} + text + \end{minipage} + +The |minipage| environment is similar to a |\parbox| command. It takes the +same optional [position] argument and mandatory {width} argument. You may use +other paragraph-making environments inside a |minipage|. Footnotes in a +minipage environment are handled in a way that is particularly useful for +putting footnotes in figures or tables. A |\footnote| or |\footnotetext| +command puts the footnote at the bottom of the minipage instead of at the +bottom of the page, and it uses the |\mpfootnote| counter instead of the +ordinary footnote counter. See sections |latex-counters| and +|latex-footnotes|. + +NOTE: Don't put one |minipage| inside another if you are using footnotes; they +may wind up at the bottom of the wrong minipage. + +============================================================================== +n. picture *picture* +> + size position + \begin{picture}(width,height)(x offset,y offset) + . + . + picture commands + . + . + \end{picture} + +The |picture| environment allows you to create just about any kind of picture +you want containing text, lines, arrows and circles. You tell LaTeX where to +put things in the picture by specifying their coordinates. A coordinate is a +number that may have a decimal point and a minus sign -- a number like 5, 2.3 +or -3.1416. A coordinate specifies a length in multiples of the unit length +|\unitlength|, so if |\unitlength| has been set to 1cm, then the coordinate +2.54 specifies a length of 2.54 centimetres. You can change the value of +|\unitlength| anywhere you want, using the |\setlength| command, but strange +things will happen if you try changing it inside the |picture| environment. + +A position is a pair of coordinates, such as (2.4,-5), specifying the point +with x-coordinate 2.4 and y-coordinate -5. Coordinates are specified in the +usual way with respect to an origin, which is normally at the lower-left +corner of the |picture|. +Note that when a position appears as an argument, it is not enclosed in +braces; the parentheses serve to delimit the argument. + +The |picture| environment has one mandatory argument, which is a position. It +specifies the size of the picture. The environment produces a rectangular box +with width and height determined by this argument's x- and y-coordinates. + +The |picture| environment also has an optional position argument, following +the size argument, that can change the origin. (Unlike ordinary optional +arguments, this argument is not contained in square brackets.) The optional +argument gives the coordinates of the point at the lower-left corner of the +picture (thereby determining the origin). For example, if |\unitlength| has +been set to 1mm, the command: > + \begin{picture}(100,200)(10,20) +> +produces a picture of width 100 millimetres and height 200 millimetres, whose +lower-left corner is the point (10,20) and whose upper-right corner is +therefore the point (110,220). When you first draw a picture, you will omit +the optional argument, leaving the origin at the lower-left corner. If you +then want to modify your picture by shifting everything, you just add the +appropriate optional argument. + +The environment's mandatory argument determines the nominal size of the +picture. This need bear no relation to how large the picture really is; LaTeX +will happily allow you to put things outside the picture, or even off the +page. The picture's nominal size is used by LaTeX in determining how much room +to leave for it. + +Everything that appears in a picture is drawn by the |\put| command. The +command: > + \put (11.3,-.3){...} + +puts the object specified by ... in the picture, with its +reference point at coordinates (11.3,-.3). The reference points for various +objects will be described below. + +The |\put| creates an LR box (|lrbox|). You can put anything in the text +argument of the |\put| that you'd put into the argument of an |\mbox| and +related commands. When you do this, the reference point will be the lower left +corner of the box. + +Picture commands: +|\circle| Draw a circle +|\dashbox| Draw a dashed box +|\frame| Draw a frame around an object +|\framebox(picture)| Draw a box with a frame around it +|\line| Draw a straight line +|\linethickness| Set the line thickness +|\makebox(picture)| Draw a box of the specified size +|\multiput| Draw multiple instances of an object +|\oval| Draw an ellipse +|\put| Place an object at a specified place +|\shortstack| Make a pile of objects +|\vector| Draw a line with an arrow + +\circle[*]{diameter} *\circle* + Command produces a circle with a {diameter} as close to the + specified one as possible. If the *-form of the command is + used, LaTeX draws a solid circle. + Note: only circles up to 40 pt can be drawn. + + +\dashbox{dashlength}(width,height){...} *\dashbox* + Draws a box with a dashed line. The |\dashbox| has an extra + argument which specifies the width of each dash. A dashed box + looks best when the width and height are multiples of the + {dashlength}. + +\frame{...} *\frame* + Puts a rectangular frame around the object specified in the + argument. The reference point is the bottom left corner of the + frame. No extra space is put between the frame and the object. + +\framebox(width,height)[position]{...} *\picture-framebox* + The |\framebox| command is exactly the same as the + |picture-makebox| command, except that it puts a frame around + the outside of the box that it creates. The |\framebox| + command produces a rule of thickness |\fboxrule|, and leaves a + space |\fboxsep| between the rule and the contents of the box. + +\line(x slope,y slope){length} *\line* + Draws a line of the specified length and slope. + Note: LaTeX can only draw lines with slope = x/y, where x and + y have integer values from -6 through 6. + +\linethickness{dimension} *\linethickness* + Declares the thickness of horizontal and vertical lines in a + |picture| environment to be dimension, which must be a + positive length. It does not affect the thickness of slanted + lines (|\line|) and circles (|circle|), or the quarter circles + drawn by |\oval| to form the corners of an oval. + +\makebox(width,height)[position]{...} *picture-makebox* + The makebox command for the |picture| environment is similar + to the normal |\makebox| command except that you must specify + a width and height in multiples of |\unitlength|. + The optional argument, [position], specifies the quadrant that + your text appears in. You may select up to two of the + following: + t - Moves the item to the top of the rectangle + b - Moves the item to the bottom + l - Moves the item to the left + r - Moves the item to the right + + *\multiput* +\multiput(x coord,y coord)(delta x,delta y){no of copies}{object} + This command can be used when you are putting the same + object in a regular pattern across a picture. + +\oval(width,height)[portion] *\oval* + Produces a rectangle with rounded corners. The optional + argument, [portion], allows you to select part of the oval. + t - top portion + b - bottom portion + r - right portion + l - left portion + Note: the "corners" of the oval are made with quarter circles + with a maximum radius of 20 pt, so large "ovals" will look + more like boxes with rounded corners. + +\put(x coord,y coord){ ... } *\put* + Places the item specified by the mandatory argument at the + given coordinates. + +\shortstack[position]{... \\ ... \\ ...} *\shortstack* + The |\shortstack| command produces a stack of objects. + The valid positions are: + r - right of the stack + l - left of the stack + c - centre of the stack (default) + +\vector(x slope,y slope){length} *\vector* + Draws a line with an arrow of the specified length and slope. + The x and y values must lie between -4 and +4, inclusive. + +============================================================================== +o. quotation *quotation* + > + \begin{quotation} + text + \end{quotation} + +The margins of the |quotation| environment are indented on the left and the +right. The text is justified at both margins and there is paragraph +indentation. Leaving a blank line between text produces a new paragraph. + +============================================================================== +p. quote *quote-l* +> + \begin{quote} + text + \end{quote} + +The margins of the |quote-l| environment are indented on the left and the right. +The text is justified at both margins. Leaving a blank line between text +produces a new paragraph. + +============================================================================== +q. tabbing *tabbing* +> + \begin{tabbing} + text \= more text \= still more text \= last text \\ + second row \> \> more \\ + . + . + . + \end{tabbing} + +The |tabbing| environment provides a way to align text in columns. It works by +setting tab stops and tabbing to them much the way you do with an ordinary +typewriter. + +It is best suited for cases where the width of each column is constant and +known in advance. + +This environment can be broken across pages, unlike the |tabular| environment. +The following commands can be used inside a tabbing environment: + + *tab=* +\= Sets a tab stop at the current position. + + *tab>* +\> Advances to the next tab stop. + + *tab<* +\< This command allows you to put something to the left of the + local margin without changing the margin. Can only be used at + the start of the line. + + *tab+* +\+ Moves the left margin of the next and all the following + commands one tab stop to the right. + + *tab-* +\- Moves the left margin of the next and all the following + commands one tab stop to the left. + + *tab'* +\' Moves everything that you have typed so far in the current + column, i.e. everything from the most recent \> (|tab>|), \< + (|tab<|), \' (|tab'|), |\\|, or |\kill| command, to the right + of the previous column, flush against the current column's tab + stop. + + *tab`* +\` Allows you to put text flush right against any tab stop, + including tab stop 0. However, it can't move text to the right + of the last column because there's no tab stop there. The \` + (|tab`|) command moves all the text that follows it, up to the + |\\| or \end{tabbing} command that ends the line, to the right + margin of the tabbing environment. There must be no \> + (|tab>|) or \' (|tab'|) command between the \` (|tab`|) and + the command that ends the line. + + *\kill* +\kill Sets tab stops without producing text. Works just like |\\| + except that it throws away the current line instead of + producing output for it. The effect of any \= (|tab=|), \+ + (|tab+|) or \- (|tab-|) commands in that line remain in + effect. + + *\pushtabs* +\pushtabs Saves all current tab stop positions. Useful for temporarily + changing tab stop positions in the middle of a tabbing + environment. Also restores the tab stop positions saved by the + last |\pushtabs|. + + *taba* +\a In a tabbing environment, the commands \= (|tab=|), \' + (|tab'|) and \` (|tab`|) do not produce accents as normal. + Instead, the commands \a=, \a' and \a` are used. + +This example typesets a Pascal function in a traditional format: +> + \begin{tabbing} + function \= fact(n : integer) : integer;\\ + \> begin \= \+ \\ + \> if \= n $>$ 1 then \+ \\ + fact := n * fact(n-1) \- \\ + else \+ \\ + fact := 1; \-\- \\ + end;\\ + \end{tabbing} + +============================================================================== +r. table *\table* +> + \begin{table}[placement] + body of the table + \caption{table title} + \end{table} + +Tables are objects that are not part of the normal text, and are usually +"floated" to a convenient place, like the top of a page. Tables will not be +split between two pages. + +The optional argument [placement] determines where LaTeX will try to place +your table. There are four places where LaTeX can possibly put a float: + + h (Here) at the position in the text where the table + environment appears. + t (Top) at the top of a text page. + b (Bottom) at the bottom of a text page. + p (Page of floats) on a separate float page, which is a page + containing no text, only floats. + +The standard |report-class| and |article-class| use the default placement [tbp]. + +The body of the table is made up of whatever text, LaTeX commands, etc., you +wish. + +The \caption command allows you to title your table. + +============================================================================== +s. tabular *tabular* +> + \begin{tabular}[pos]{cols} + column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\ + . + . + . + \end{tabular} + +or +> + \begin{tabular*}{width}[pos]{cols} + column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\ + . + . + . + \end{tabular*} + +These environments produce a box consisting of a sequence of rows of items, +aligned vertically in columns. The mandatory and optional arguments consist +of: + +{width} Specifies the width of the tabular* environment. There must be + rubber space between columns that can stretch to fill out the + specified width. + +[pos] Specifies the vertical position; default is alignment on the + centre of the environment. + t - align on top row + b - align on bottom row + +{cols} Specifies the column formatting. It consists of a sequence of + the following specifiers, corresponding to the sequence of + columns and intercolumn material. + l - A column of left-aligned items. + + r - A column of right-aligned items. + + c - A column of centred items. + + | - A vertical line the full height and depth of the + environment. + + @{text} - This inserts text in every row. An @-expression + suppresses the intercolumn space normally inserted + between columns; any desired space between the + inserted text and the adjacent items must be included + in text. An \extracolsep{wd} command in an + @-expression causes an extra space of width {wd} to + appear to the left of all subsequent columns, until + countermanded by another |\extracolsep| command. Unlike + ordinary intercolumn space, this extra space is not + suppressed by an @-expression. An |\extracolsep| + command can be used only in an @-expression in the + cols argument. + + p{wd} - Produces a column with each item typeset in a |\parbox| + of width {wd}, as if it were the argument of a + \parbox[t]{wd} command. However, a |\\| may not appear + in the item, except in the following situations: + 1. inside an environment like |minipage|, |array|, or + |tabular|. + 2. inside an explicit |\parbox|. + 3. in the scope of a |\centering|, |\raggedright|, or + |\raggedleft| declaration. The latter declarations must + appear inside braces or an environment when used in a + p-column element. + + {num}{cols} - Equivalent to num copies of cols, where num is any positive + integer and cols is any list of column-specifiers, + which may contain another -expression. + +These commands can be used inside a tabular environment: + +|\cline| Draw a horizontal line spanning some columns. +|\hline| Draw a * horizontal line spanning all columns. +|\multicolumn| Make an item spanning * several columns. +|\vline| Draw a vertical line. + + +\cline{i-j} *\cline* + The |\cline| command draws horizontal lines across the columns + specified, beginning in column i and ending in column j, + which are identified in the mandatory argument. + +\hline *\hline* + The |\hline| command will draw a horizontal line the width of + the table. It's most commonly used to draw a line at the top, + bottom, and between the rows of the table. + +\multicolumn{cols}{pos}{text} *\multicolumn* + The |\multicolumn| is used to make an entry that spans several + columns. The first mandatory argument, {cols}, specifies the + number of columns to span. The second mandatory argument, + {pos}, specifies the formatting of the entry: + c - centered + l - flushleft + r - flushright. + The third mandatory argument, {text}, specifies what text is + to make up the entry. + +\vline *\vline* + The |\vline| command will draw a vertical line extending the + full height and depth of its row. An |\hfill| command can be + used to move the line to the edge of the column. It can also + be used in an @-expression. + +============================================================================== +t. thebibliography *\thebibliography* +> + \begin{thebibliography}{widestlabel} + \bibitem[label]{cite_key} + . + . + . + \end{thebibliography} + +The |\thebibliography| environment produces a bibliography or reference list. + +In the |article-class|, this reference list is labelled "References"; in the +|report-class|, it is labelled "Bibliography". + +{widestlabel} Text that, when printed, is approximately as wide as the + widest item label produces by the |\bibitem| commands. + +|\bibitem| Specify a bibliography item. +|\cite| Refer to a bibliography item. +|\nocite| Include an item in the bibliography. +|BibTeX| Automatic generation of bibliographies. + +\bibitem *\bibitem* +\bibitem[label]{citekey} + The |\bibitem| command generates an entry labelled by [label]. + If the [label] argument is missing, a number is generated as + the label, using the |\enumi| counter. The {citekey} is any + sequence of letters, numbers, and punctuation symbols not + containing a comma. This command writes an entry on the `.aux' + file containing {citekey} and the item's label. When this + `.aux' file is read by the \begin{document} command, the + item's label is associated with {citekey}, causing the + reference to {citekey} by a |\cite| command to produce the + associated label. + +\cite *\cite* +\cite[text]{keylist} + The {keylist} argument is a list of citation keys. This + command generates an in-text citation to the references + associated with the keys in {keylist} by entries on the `.aux' + file read by the \begin{document} command. + The optional text argument will appear after the + citation, i.e.: > + \cite[p.2]{knuth} +< might produce `[Knuth, p. 2]'. + +\nocite *\nocite* +\nocite{keylist} + The |\nocite| command produces no text, but writes + {keylist}, which is a list of one or more citation + keys, on the `.aux' file. + +BibTeX *BibTeX* *bibtex* + *\bibliographystyle* +If you use the BibTeX program by Oren Patashnik (highly recommended if you +need a bibliography of more than a couple of titles) to maintain your +bibliography, you don't use the |thebibliography| environment. Instead, you +include the lines: +> + \bibliographystyle{style} + \bibliography{bibfile} + +where {style} refers to a file style.bst, which defines how your citations +will look. The standard styles distributed with BibTeX are: + +{alpha} Sorted alphabetically. Labels are formed from name of author and year + of publication. +{plain} Sorted alphabetically. Labels are numeric. +{unsrt} Like plain, but entries are in order of citation. +{abbrv} Like plain, but more compact labels. + +In addition, numerous other BibTeX style files exist tailored to the demands +of various publications. + + *\bibliography* +The argument to |\bibliography| refers to the file bibfile.bib, which should +contain your database in BibTeX format. Only the entries referred to via +|\cite| and |\nocite| will be listed in the bibliography. + +============================================================================== +u. theorem *theorem* +> + \begin{theorem} + theorem text + \end{theorem} + +The |theorem| environment produces "Theorem x" in boldface followed by your +theorem text. + +============================================================================== +v. titlepage *titlepage* +> + \begin{titlepage} + text + \end{titlepage} + +The |titlepage| environment creates a title page, i.e. a page with no printed +page number or heading. It also causes the following page to be numbered page +one. Formatting the title page is left to you. The |\today| command comes in +handy for title pages. + +Note that you can use the |\maketitle| to produce a standard title page. + +============================================================================== +x. verbatim *verbatim* +> + \begin{verbatim} + text + \end{verbatim} + +The |verbatim| environment is a paragraph-making environment that gets LaTeX +to print exactly what you type in. It turns LaTeX into a typewriter with +carriage returns and blanks having the same effect that they would on a +typewriter. + +\verb *\verb* +\verb char literal_text char +\verb*char literal_text char + Typesets literal_text exactly as typed, including + special characters and spaces, using a typewriter |\tt| + type style. There may be no space between |\verb| or + |\verb|* and char (space is shown here only for + clarity). The *-form differs only in that spaces are + printed as `\verb*| |\'. + +============================================================================== +y. verse *verse* +> + \begin{verse} + text + \end{verse} + +The |verse| environment is designed for poetry, though you may find other uses +for it. + +The margins are indented on the left and the right. Separate the lines of each +stanza with |\\|, and use one or more blank lines to separate the stanzas. + +============================================================================== +8. Footnotes *latex-footnotes* + +Footnotes can be produced in one of two ways. They can be produced with one +command, the |\footnote| command. They can also be produced with two commands, +the |\footnotemark| and the |\footnotetext| commands. See the specific command for +information on why you would use one over the other. + +|\footnote| Insert a footnote +|\footnotemark| Insert footnote mark only +|\footnotetext| Insert footnote text only + +\footnote[number]{text} *\footnote* + Command places the numbered footnote text at the bottom of the + current page. The optional argument, number, is used to change + the default footnote number. This command can only be used in + outer paragraph mode; i.e., you cannot use it in sectioning + commands like |\chapter|, in |\figure|, |\table| or in a + |\tabular| environment. + +\footnotemark *\footnotemark* + Command puts the footnote number in the text. This command can + be used in inner paragraph mode. The text of the footnote is + supplied by the |\footnotetext| command. + This command can be used to produce several consecutive + footnote markers referring to the same footnote by using +> + \footnotemark[\value{footnote}] +< + after the first |\footnote| command. + +\footnotetext[number]{text} *\footnotetext* + Command produces the text to be placed at the bottom of the + page. This command can come anywhere after the |\footnotemark| + command. The |\footnotetext| command must appear in outer + paragraph mode. The optional argument, number, is used to + change the default footnote number. + +============================================================================== +9. Lengths *latex-lengths* + +A length is a measure of distance. Many LaTeX commands take a length as an +argument. + +|\newlength| Define a new length. +|\setlength| Set the value of a length. +|\addtolength| Add a quantity to a length. +|\settodepth| Set a length to the depth of something. +|\settoheight| Set a length to the height of something. +|\settowidth| Set a length to the width of something. +|pre-lengths| Lengths that are, like, predefined. + +\newlength{\gnat} *\newlength* + The |\newlength| command defines the mandatory argument, \gnat, + as a length command with a value of 0in. An error occurs if a + \gnat command already exists. + +\setlength{\gnat}{length} *\setlength* + The |\setlength| command is used to set the value of a \gnat + command. The {length} argument can be expressed in any terms + of length LaTeX understands, i.e., inches (in), millimetres + (mm), points (pt), etc. + +\addtolength{\gnat}{length} *\addtolength* + The |\addtolength| command increments a \gnat by the amount + specified in the {length} argument. It can be a negative + amount. + +\settodepth{\gnat}{text} *\settodepth* + The |\settodepth| command sets the value of a \gnat command + equal to the depth of the {text} argument. + +\settoheight{\gnat}{text} *\settoheight* + The |\settoheight| command sets the value of a \gnat command + equal to the height of the {text} argument. + +\settowidth{\gnat}{text} *\settowidth* + The |\settowidth| command sets the value of a \gnat command + equal to the width of the {text} argument. + +Predefined lengths *pre-lengths* + +\width *\width* +\height *\height* +\depth *\depth* +\totalheight *\totalheight* + These length parameters can be used in the arguments of the + box-making commands See section Spaces & Boxes. They specify + the natural width etc. of the text in the box. + \totalheight equals \height + \depth. + To make a box with the text stretched to double the natural + size, e.g., say: > + \makebox[2\width]{Get a stretcher} + +============================================================================== +10. Letters *latex-letters* + +You can use LaTeX to typeset letters, both personal and business. The letter +document class is designed to make a number of letters at once, although you +can make just one if you so desire. + +Your `.tex' source file has the same minimum commands as the other document +classes, i.e., you must have the following commands as a minimum: > + \documentclass{letter} + \begin{document} + ... + letters + ... + \end{document} + +Each letter is a letter environment, whose argument is the name and address of +the recipient. For example, you might have: > + \begin{letter} + {Mr. Joe Smith\\ + 2345 Princess St. \\ + Edinburgh, EH1 1AA} + ... + \end{letter} + +The letter itself begins with the |\opening| command. The text of the letter +follows. It is typed as ordinary LaTeX input. Commands that make no sense in +a letter, like |\chapter|, do not work. The letter closes with a |\closing| +command. + +After the closing, you can have additional material. The |\cc| command produces +the usual "cc: ...". There's also a similar |\encl| command for a list of +enclosures. With both these commands, use|\\| to separate the items. + +These commands are used with the letter class: +|\address| Your return address. +|\cc| Cc list. closing Saying goodbye. +|\encl| List of enclosed material. +|\location| Your organisation's address. +|\makelabels| Making address labels. +|\name| Your name, for the return address. +|\opening| Saying hello. +|\ps| Adding a postscript. +|\signature| Your signature. +|\startbreaks| Allow page breaks. +|\stopbreaks| Disallow page breaks. +|\telephone| Your phone number. + +\address{Return address} *\address* + The return address, as it should appear on the letter and the + envelope. Separate lines of the address should be separated + by |\\| commands. If you do not make an |\address| declaration, + then the letter will be formatted for copying onto your + organisation's standard letterhead. (See section Overview of + LaTeX and Local Guide, for details on your local + implementation). If you give an |\address| declaration, then + the letter will be formatted as a personal letter. + +\cc{Kate Schechter\\Rob McKenna} *\cc* + Generate a list of other persons the letter was sent to. Each + name is printed on a separate line. + +\closing{text} *\closing* + The letter closes with a |\closing| command, i.e., > + \closing{Best Regards,} \encl{CV\\Certificates} +< Generate a list of enclosed material. + +\location{address} *\location* + This modifies your organisation's standard address. This only + appears if the firstpage pagestyle is selected. + +\makelabels{number} *\makelabels* + If you issue this command in the preamble, LaTeX will create a + sheet of address labels. This sheet will be output before the + letters. + +\name{June Davenport} *\name* + Your name, used for printing on the envelope together with the + return address. + +\opening{text} *\opening* + The letter begins with the |\opening| command. The mandatory + argument, text, is whatever text you wish to start your + letter, i.e., > + \opening{Dear Joe,} + +\ps *\ps* + Use this command before a postscript. + +\signature{Harvey Swick} *\signature* + Your name, as it should appear at the end of the letter + underneath the space for your signature. Items that should go + on separate lines should be separated by |\\| commands. + +\startbreaks *\startbreaks* + Used after a |\stopbreaks| command to allow page breaks again. + +\stopbreaks *\stopbreaks* + Inhibit page breaks until a |\startbreaks| command occurs. + +\telephone{number} *\telephone* + This is your telephone number. This only appears if the + firstpage pagestyle is selected. + +============================================================================== +11. Line & Page Breaking *latex-breaking* + +The first thing LaTeX does when processing ordinary text is to translate your +input file into a string of glyphs and spaces. To produce a printed document, +this string must be broken into lines, and these lines must be broken into +pages. In some environments, you do the line breaking yourself with the |\\| +command, but LaTeX usually does it for you. + +|\\| Start a new line +|hyph-| Insert explicit hyphenation +|\cleardoublepage| Start a new right-hand page +|\clearpage| Start a new page +|\enlargethispage| Enlarge the current page a bit +|\fussy| Be fussy about line breaking +|\hyphenation| Tell LaTeX how to hyphenate a word +|\linebreak| Break the line +|\newline| Break the line prematurely +|\newpage| Start a new page +|\nolinebreak| Don't break the current line +|\nopagebreak| Don't make a page break here +|\pagebreak| Please make a page break here +|\sloppy| Be sloppy about line breaking + +\\[*][extraspace] *\\* *\\\\* + The |\\| command tells LaTeX to start a new line. It has an + optional argument, [extraspace], that specifies how much extra + vertical space is to be inserted before the next line. This + can be a negative amount. + The \\* command is the same as the ordinary |\\| command + except that it tells LaTeX not to start a new page after the + line. + +\- *hyph-* + The \- command tells LaTeX that it may hyphenate the word at + that point. LaTeX is very good at hyphenating, and it will + usually find all correct hyphenation points. The \- command is + used for the exceptional cases. + Note: when you insert \- commands in a word, the word will + only be hyphenated at those points and not at any of the + hyphenation points that LaTeX might otherwise have chosen. + +\cleardoublepage *\cleardoublepage* + The |\cleardoublepage| command ends the current page and causes + all figures and tables that have so far appeared in the input + to be printed. In a two-sided printing style (|twoside|), it + also makes the next page a right-hand (odd-numbered) page, + producing a blank page if necessary. + +\clearpage *\clearpage* + The |\clearpage| command ends the current page and causes all + figures and tables that have so far appeared in the input to + be printed. + +\enlargethispage{size} *\enlargethispage* +\enlargethispage*{size} + Enlarge the textheight for the current page by the + specified amount; e.g.: > + + \enlargethispage{\baselineskip} +< + will allow one additional line. The starred form + tries to squeeze the material together on the page as + much as possible. This is normally used together with + an explicit |\pagebreak|. + +\fussy *\fussy* + This declaration (which is the default) makes TeX more fussy + about line breaking. This can avoids too much space between + words, but may produce overfull boxes. This command cancels + the effect of a previous |\sloppy| command. + +\hyphenation{words} *\hyphenation* + The |\hyphenation| command declares allowed hyphenation points, + where words is a list of words, separated by spaces, in which + each hyphenation point is indicated by a - character. + +\linebreak[number] *\linebreak* + The |\linebreak| command tells LaTeX to break the current line + at the point of the command. With the optional argument, + number, you can convert the |\linebreak| command from a demand + to a request. The [number] must be a number from 0 to 4. The + higher the number, the more insistent the request is. The + |\linebreak| command causes LaTeX to stretch the line so it + extends to the right margin. + +\newline *\newline* + The |\newline| command breaks the line right where it is. It + can only be used in paragraph mode. + +\newpage *\newpage* + The |\newpage| command ends the current page. + +\nolinebreak[number] *\nolinebreak* + The |\nolinebreak| command prevents LaTeX from breaking the + current line at the point of the command. With the optional + argument, [number], you can convert the |\nolinebreak| command + from a demand to a request. The [number] must be a number from 0 + to 4. The higher the number, the more insistent the request + is. + +\nopagebreak[number] *\nopagebreak* + The |\nopagebreak| command prevents LaTeX from breaking the + current page at the point of the command. With the optional + argument, [number], you can convert the |\nopagebreak| command + from a demand to a request. The [number] must be a number from + 0 to 4. The higher the number, the more insistent the request + is. + +\pagebreak[number] *\pagebreak* + The |\pagebreak| command tells LaTeX to break the current page + at the point of the command. With the optional argument, + [number], you can convert the |\pagebreak| command from a + demand to a request. The [number] must be a number from 0 to + 4. The higher the number, the more insistent the request is. + +\sloppy *\sloppy* + This declaration makes TeX less fussy about line breaking. + This can prevent overfull boxes, but may leave too much space + between words. + Lasts until a |\fussy| command is issued. + +============================================================================== +12. Making Paragraphs *latex-paragraphs* + +A paragraph is ended by one or more completely blank lines -- lines not +containing even a |\%|. A blank line should not appear where a new paragraph +cannot be started, such as in math mode or in the argument of a sectioning +command. + +|\indent| Indent this paragraph. +|\noindent| Do not indent this paragraph. +|\par| Another way of writing a blank line. + +\indent *\indent* + This produces a horizontal space whose width equals the width + of the paragraph indentation. It is used to add paragraph + indentation where it would otherwise be suppressed. + +\noindent *\noindent* + When used at the beginning of the paragraph, it suppresses the + paragraph indentation. It has no effect when used in the + middle of a paragraph. + +\par *\par* + Equivalent to a blank line; often used to make command or + environment definitions easier to read. + +============================================================================== +13. Margin Notes *latex-margin-notes* + +\marginpar[left]{right} *\marginpar* + This command creates a note in the margin. The first line will + be at the same height as the line in the text where the + |\marginpar| occurs. + + When you only specify the mandatory argument {right}, the text + will be placed: + * in the right margin for one-sided layout + * in the outside margin for two-sided layout (|twoside|) + * in the nearest margin for two-column layout (|twocolumn|) + +\reversemarginpar *\reversemarginpar* + By issuing the command |\reversemarginpar|, you can force the + marginal notes to go into the opposite (inside) margin. + +When you specify both arguments, left is used for the left margin, and right +is used for the right margin. + +The first word will normally not be hyphenated; you can enable hyphenation by +prefixing the first word with a \hspace{0pt} command (|hspace|). + +============================================================================== +14. Math Formulae *latex-math* + *displaymath* +There are three environments (|latex-environments|) that put LaTeX in math +mode: +|math| For Formulae that appear right in the text. +|displaymath| For Formulae that appear on their own line. +|equation| The same as the displaymath environment except that it adds an + equation number in the right margin. + +The |math| environment can be used in both paragraph and LR mode, but the +|displaymath| and |equation| environments can be used only in paragraph mode. The +|math| and |displaymath| environments are used so often that they have the +following short forms: + \(...\) instead of \begin{math}...\end{math} + \[...\] instead of \begin{displaymath}...\end{displaymath} + +In fact, the math environment is so common that it has an even shorter form: + $ ... $ instead of \(...\) + +|sub-sup| Also known as exponent or index. +|math-symbols| Various mathematical squiggles. +|math-spacing| Thick, medium, thin and negative spaces. +|math-misc| Stuff that doesn't fit anywhere else. + +========== +Subscripts & Superscripts *sub-sup* + *subscripts* *superscripts* + +To get an expression exp to appear as a subscript, you just type _{exp}. To +get exp to appear as a superscript, you type ^{exp}. LaTeX handles +superscripted superscripts and all of that stuff in the natural way. It even +does the right thing when something has both a subscript and a superscript. + +========== +Math Symbols *math-symbols* + +LaTeX provides almost any mathematical symbol you're likely to need. The +commands for generating them can be used only in math mode. For example, if +you include > + $\pi$ +in your source, you will get the symbol in your output. + +========== +Spacing in Math Mode *math-spacing* + +In a math environment, LaTeX ignores the spaces you type and puts in the +spacing that it thinks is best. LaTeX formats mathematics the way it's done in +mathematics texts. If you want different spacing, LaTeX provides the following +four commands for use in math mode: + \; - a thick space *math;* + \: - a medium space *math:* + \, - a thin space *math,* + \! - a negative thin space *matn!* + +========== +Math Miscellany *math-misc* + +\cdots *\cdots* + Produces a horizontal ellipsis where the dots are raised to + the centre of the line. +\ddots *\ddots* + Produces a diagonal ellipsis. +\frac{num}{den} *\frac* + Produces the fraction num divided by den. +\ldots *\ldots* + Produces an ellipsis. This command works in any mode, not just + math mode. +\overbrace{text} *\overbrace* + Generates a brace over text. +\overline{text} *\overline* + Causes the argument text to be overlined. +\sqrt[root]{arg} *\sqrt* + Produces the square root of its argument. The optional + argument, [root], determines what root to produce, i.e., the + cube root of x+y would be typed as: > + $\sqrt[3]{x+y}$. +\underbrace{text} *\underbrace* + Generates text with a brace underneath. +\underline{text} *\underline* + Causes the argument text to be underlined. This command can + also be used in paragraph and LR mode. +\vdots *\vdots* + Produces a vertical ellipsis. + +============================================================================== +15. Modes *latex-modes* + +When LaTeX is processing your input text, it is always in one of three modes: + Paragraph mode *paragraph-mode* + Math mode *math-mode* + Left-to-right mode, called LR mode for short. *lr-mode* + +LaTeX changes mode only when it goes up or down a staircase to a different +level, though not all level changes produce mode changes. Mode changes occur +only when entering or leaving an environment, or when LaTeX is processing the +argument of certain text-producing commands. + +|paragraph-mode| is the most common; it's the one LaTeX is in when processing +ordinary text. In that mode, LaTeX breaks your text into lines and breaks the +lines into pages. LaTeX is in |math-mode| when it's generating a mathematical +formula. In |lr-mode|, as in |paragraph-mode|, LaTeX considers the output that +it produces to be a string of words with spaces between them. However, unlike +|paragraph-mode|, LaTeX keeps going from left to right; it never starts a new +line in |lr-mode|. Even if you put a hundred words into an |\mbox|, LaTeX would +keep typesetting them from left to right inside a single box, and then +complain because the resulting box was too wide to fit on the line. + +LaTeX is in |lr-mode| when it starts making a box with an |\mbox| command. You +can get it to enter a different mode inside the box - for example, you can +make it enter |math-mode| to put a formula in the box. There are also several +text-producing commands and environments for making a box that put LaTeX in +|paragraph-mode|. The box make by one of these commands or environments will be +called a |\parbox|. When LaTeX is in |paragraph-mode| while making a box, it is +said to be in "inner paragraph mode". Its normal |paragraph-mode|, which it +starts out in, is called "outer paragraph mode". + +============================================================================== +16. Page Styles *latex-page-styles* + +The |\documentclass| command determines the size and position of the page's head +and foot. The page style determines what goes in them. + +|\maketitle| Generate a title page. +|\pagenumbering| Set the style used for page numbers. +|\pagestyle| Change the headings/footings style. +|\thispagestyle| Change the headings/footings style for this page. + +\maketitle *\maketitle* + The |\maketitle| command generates a title on a separate title + page - except in the |\article| class, where the title normally + goes at the top of the first page. Information used to + produce the title is obtained from the following declarations: + + |\author| Who wrote this stuff? + |\date| The date the document was created. + |\thanks| A special form of footnote. + |\title| How to set the document title. + + \author{names} *\author* *\and* + The |\author| command declares the author(s), where + names is a list of authors separated by \and commands. + Use |\\| to separate lines within a single author's + entry -- for example, to give the author's institution + or address. + + \date{text} *\date* + The |\date| command declares text to be the document's + date. With no |\date| command, the current date is + used. + + \thanks{text} *\thanks* + The |\thanks| command produces a |\footnote| to the + title. + + \title{text} *\title* + The |\title| command declares text to be the title. Use + |\\| to tell LaTeX where to start a new line in a long + title. + +\pagenumbering{numstyle} *\pagenumbering* + Specifies the style of page numbers. Possible values of + 'numstyle' are: + arabic - Arabic numerals *arabic* + roman - Lowercase Roman numerals *roman* + Roman - Uppercase Roman numerals *Roman* + alph - Lowercase letters *alph* + Alph - Uppercase letters *Alph* + +\pagestyle{option} *\pagestyle* + *plain* *empty* *headings* + The |\pagestyle| command changes the style from the current + page on throughout the remainder of your document. + The valid options are: + plain - Just a plain page number. + empty - Produces empty heads and feet no page numbers. + headings - Puts running headings on each page. The document + style specifies what goes in the headings. + myheadings - You specify what is to go in the heading with the + |\markboth| or the |\markright| commands. + + |\markboth| Set left and right headings. + |\markright| Set right heading only. + + \markboth{left head}{right head} *\markboth* + The |\markboth| command is used in conjunction with the + page style myheadings for setting both the left and + the right heading. + Note that a "left-hand heading" is generated by the + last |\markboth| command before the end of the page, + while a "right-hand heading" is generated by the first + |\markboth| or |\markright| that comes on the page if + there is one, otherwise by the last one before the + page. + + + \markright{right head} *\markright* + The |\markright| command is used in conjunction with + the page style |\myheadings| for setting the right + heading, leaving the left heading unchanged. + Note that a "left-hand heading" is generated by the + last |\markboth| command before the end of the page, + while a "right-hand heading" is generated by the first + |\markboth| or |\markright| that comes on the page if + there is one, otherwise by the last one before the + page. + +\thispagestyle{option} *\thispagestyle* + The |\thispagestyle| command works in the same manner as the + |\pagestyle| command except that it changes the style for the + current page only. + +============================================================================== +17. Sectioning *latex-sectioning* + +Sectioning commands provide the means to structure your text into units. +|\part| +|\chapter| (report and book class only) +|\section| +|\subsection| +|\subsubsection| +|\paragraph| +|\subparagraph| + +All sectioning commands take the same general form, i.e., + + *\part* + *\chapter* (report and book class only) + *\section* *\subsection* *\subsubsection* + *\paragraph* *\subparagraph* +\chapter[optional]{title} + In addition to providing the heading in the text, the + mandatory argument of the sectioning command can appear in two + other places: + 1. The table of contents + 2. The running head at the top of the page. You may not want + the same thing to appear in these other two places as + appears in the text heading. To handle this situation, the + sectioning commands have an optional argument that provides + the text for these other two purposes. + +All sectioning commands have *\-forms that print a title, but do not include a +number and do not make an entry in the table of contents. + +\appendix *\appendix* + The |\appendix| command changes the way sectional units are + numbered. The |\appendix| command generates no text and does + not affect the numbering of parts. The normal use of this + command is something like: > + \chapter{The First Chapter} + ... + \appendix \chapter{The First Appendix} + + +============================================================================== +18. Spaces & Boxes *latex-spaces-boxes* + +All the predefined length parameters See section Predefined lengths can be +used in the arguments of the box-making commands. + + Horizontal space: + +|\dotfill| Stretchable horizontal dots. +|\hfill| Stretchable horizontal space. +|\hrulefill| Stretchable horizontal rule. +|\hspace| Fixed horizontal space. + + Vertical space: + +|\addvspace| Fixed vertical space. +|\bigskip| Fixed vertical space. +|\medskip| Fixed vertical space. +|\smallskip| Fixed vertical space. +|\vfill| Stretchable vertical space. +|\vspace| Fixed vertical space. + + Boxes: + +|\fbox| Framebox. +|\framebox| Framebox, adjustable position. +|\lrbox| An environment like |\sbox|. +|\makebox| Box, adjustable position. +|\mbox| Box. +|\newsavebox| Declare a name for saving a box. +|\parbox| Box with text in paragraph mode. +|\raisebox| Raise or lower text. +|\rule| Lines and squares. +|\savebox| Like |\makebox|, but save the text for later use. +|\sbox| Like |\mbox|, but save the text for later use. +|\usebox| Print saved text. + +Horizontal space: *latex-hor-space* + +LaTeX removes horizontal space that comes at the end of a line. If you don't +want LaTeX to remove this space, include the optional * argument. Then the +space is never removed. + +\dotfill *\dotfill* + The |\dotfill| command produces a "rubber length" that produces + dots instead of just spaces. + +\hfill *\hfill* + The |\hfill| fill command produces a "rubber length" which can + stretch or shrink horizontally. It will be filled with spaces. + +\hrulefill *\hrulefill* + The |\hrulefill| fill command produces a "rubber length" which + can stretch or shrink horizontally. It will be filled with a + horizontal rule. + +\hspace[*]{length} *\hspace* + The |\hspace| command adds horizontal space. The length of the + space can be expressed in any terms that LaTeX understands, + i.e., points, inches, etc. You can add negative as well as + positive space with an |\hspace| command. Adding negative space + is like backspacing. + + +Vertical space: *latex-ver-space* + +LaTeX removes vertical space that comes at the end of a page. If you don't +want LaTeX to remove this space, include the optional * argument. Then the +space is never removed. + +\addvspace{length} *\addvspace* + The |\addvspace| command normally adds a vertical space of + height length. However, if vertical space has already been + added to the same point in the output by a previous + |\addvspace| command, then this command will not add more space + than needed to make the natural length of the total vertical + space equal to length. + +\bigskip *\bigskip* + The |\bigskip| command is equivalent to \vspace{bigskipamount} + where bigskipamount is determined by the document class. + +\medskip *\medskip* + The |\medskip| command is equivalent to \vspace{medskipamount} + where medskipamount is determined by the document class. + +\smallskip *\smallskip* + The |\smallskip| command is equivalent to + \vspace{smallskipamount} where smallskipamount is determined + by the document class. + +\vfill *\vfill* + The |\vfill| fill command produces a rubber length which can + stretch or shrink vertically. + +\vspace[*]{length} *\vspace* + The |\vspace| command adds vertical space. The length of the + space can be expressed in any terms that LaTeX understands, + i.e., points, inches, etc. You can add negative as well as + positive space with an |\vspace| command. + + +Boxes: *latex-boxes* + +\fbox{text} *\fbox* + The |\fbox| command is exactly the same as the |\mbox| command, + except that it puts a frame around the outside of the box that + it creates. + +\framebox[width][position]{text} *\framebox* + The |\framebox| command is exactly the same as the |\makebox| + command, except that it puts a frame around the outside of the + box that it creates. + The |\framebox| command produces a rule of thickness + |\fboxrule|, and leaves a space |\fboxsep| between the rule and + the contents of the box. + +lrbox *\lrbox* +\begin{lrbox}{cmd} text \end{lrbox} + This is the environment form of |\sbox|. + The text inside the environment is saved in the box cmd, which + must have been declared with |\newsavebox|. + +\makebox[width][position]{text} *\makebox* + The |\makebox| command creates a box just wide enough to + contain the text specified. The width of the box is specified + by the optional [width] argument. The position of the text + within the box is determined by the optional [position] + argument. + c -- centred (default) + l -- flushleft + r -- flushright + s -- stretch from left to right margin. The text must + contain stretchable space for this to work. + See section |\picture-makebox|. + +\mbox{text} *\mbox* + The |\mbox| command creates a box just wide enough to hold the + text created by its argument. + Use this command to prevent text from being split across + lines. + +\newsavebox{cmd} *\newsavebox* + Declares {cmd}, which must be a command name that is not + already defined, to be a bin for saving boxes. + + +\parbox[position][height][innerpos]{width}{text} *\parbox* + A parbox is a box whose contents are created in + |\paragraph-mode|. The |\parbox| has two + + Mandatory arguments: +'width' specifies the width of the parbox +'text' the text that goes inside the parbox. + + Optional arguments: +'position' LaTeX will position a parbox so its centre lines up with the + centre of the text line. The optional position argument allows + you to line up either the top or bottom line in the parbox + (default is top). + +'height' If the height argument is not given, the box will have the + natural height of the text. + +'innerpos' The inner-pos argument controls the placement of the text + inside the box. If it is not specified, position is used. + t -- text is placed at the top of the box + c -- text is centred in the box + b -- text is placed at the bottom of the box + s -- stretch vertically. The text must contain + vertically stretchable space for this to work. + + A |\parbox| command is used for a parbox containing a small + piece of text, with nothing fancy inside. In particular, you + shouldn't use any of the paragraph-making environments inside + a |\parbox| argument. For larger pieces of text, including ones + containing a paragraph-making environment, you should use a + |\minipage| environment. + +\raisebox{distance}[extendabove][extendbelow]{text} *\raisebox* + The |\raisebox| command is used to raise or lower text. The + first mandatory argument specifies how high the text is to be + raised (or lowered if it is a negative amount). The text + itself is processed in LR mode. + Sometimes it's useful to make LaTeX think something has a + different size than it really does - or a different size than + LaTeX would normally think it has. The |\raisebox| command + lets you tell LaTeX how tall it is. + The first optional argument, extend-above, makes LaTeX think + that the text extends above the line by the amount specified. + The second optional argument, extend-below, makes LaTeX think + that the text extends below the line by the amount specified. + +\rule[raiseheight]{width}{thickness} *\rule* + The |\rule| command is used to produce horizontal lines. The + arguments are defined as follows: +'raiseheight' specifies how high to raise the rule (optional) +'width' specifies the length of the rule (mandatory) +'thickness' specifies the thickness of the rule (mandatory) + +\savebox{cmd}[width][pos]{text} *\savebox* + This command typeset text in a box just as for |\makebox|. + However, instead of printing the resulting box, it saves it in + bin cmd, which must have been declared with |\newsavebox|. + +\sbox{text} *\sbox* + This commands typeset text in a box just as for |\mbox|. + However, instead of printing the resulting box, it saves it in + bin cmd, which must have been declared with |\newsavebox|. + +\usebox{cmd} *\usebox* + Prints the box most recently saved in bin cmd by a |\savebox| + command. + +============================================================================== +19. Special Characters *latex-special* + +The following characters play a special role in LaTeX and are called "special +printing characters", or simply "special characters". > + # $ % & ~ _ ^ \ { } +Whenever you put one of these special characters into your file, you are doing +something special. If you simply want the character to be printed just as any +other letter, include a \ in front of the character. For example, \$ will +produce $ in your output. + +One exception to this rule is the \ itself because |\\| has its own special +meaning. A \ is produced by typing $\backslash$ in your file. + +Also, \~ means `place a tilde accent over the following letter', so you will +probably want to use |\verb| instead. + *\symbol* +In addition, you can access any character of a font once you know its number +by using the |\symbol| command. For example, the character used for displaying +spaces in the |\verb|* command has the code decimal 32, so it can be typed as +\symbol{32}. + +You can also specify octal numbers with ' or hexadecimal numbers with ", so +the previous example could also be written as \symbol{'40} or \symbol{"20}. + +============================================================================== +20. Splitting the Input *latex-inputting* + +A large document requires a lot of input. Rather than putting the whole input +in a single large file, it's more efficient to split it into several smaller +ones. Regardless of how many separate files you use, there is one that is the +root file; it is the one whose name you type when you run LaTeX. + +|\include| Conditionally include a file +|\includeonly| Determine which files are included +|\input| Unconditionally include a file + +\include{file} *\include* + The \include command is used in conjunction with the + |\includeonly| command for selective inclusion of + files. The file argument is the first name of a file, + denoting `file.tex' . If file is one the file names in + the file list of the |\includeonly| command or if there + is no |\includeonly| command, the \include command is + equivalent to: > + \clearpage \input{file} \clearpage +< + except that if the file `file.tex' does not exist, + then a warning message rather than an error is + produced. If the file is not in the file list, the + \include command is equivalent to |\clearpage|. + + The |\include| command may not appear in the preamble or in a + file read by another |\include| command. + +\includeonly{filelist} *\includeonly* + The |\includeonly| command controls which files will be read in + by an |\include| command. {filelist} should be a + comma-separated list of filenames. Each filename must match + exactly a filename specified in a |\include| command. This + command can only appear in the preamble. + +\input{file} *\input* + The |\input| command causes the indicated file to be read and + processed, exactly as if its contents had been inserted in the + current file at that point. The file name may be a complete + file name with extension or just a first name, in which case + the file `file.tex' is used. +============================================================================== +21. Starting & Ending *latex-start-end* + +Your input file must contain the following commands as a minimum: +\documentclass{class} |\documentclass| +\begin{document} |\begin| +... your text goes here ... +\end{document} |\end| + +where the class selected is one of the valid classes for LaTeX. +See |\classes|for details of the various document classes. + +You may include other LaTeX commands between the |\documentclass| and the +\begin{document} commands (i.e., in the `preamble'). +============================================================================== +22. Table of Contents *latex-toc* + + *\tableofcontents* +A table of contents is produced with the |\tableofcontents| command. You put +the command right where you want the table of contents to go; LaTeX does the +rest for you. It produces a heading, but it does not automatically start a new +page. If you want a new page after the table of contents, include a |\newpage| +command after the |\tableofcontents| command. + + *\listoffigures* *\listoftables* +There are similar commands |\listoffigures| and |\listoftables| for producing a +list of figures and a list of tables, respectively. Everything works exactly +the same as for the table of contents. + + *\nofiles* +NOTE: If you want any of these items to be generated, you cannot have the +\nofiles command in your document. + +|\addcontentsline| Add an entry to table of contents etc. +|\addtocontents| Add text directly to table of contents file etc. + +\addcontentsline{file}{secunit}{entry} *\addcontentsline* + The |\addcontentsline| command adds an entry to the specified + list or table where: +{file} is the extension of the file on which information is to be + written: + toc (table of contents), + lof (list of figures), + lot (list of tables). +{secunit} controls the formatting of the entry. It should be one of the + following, depending upon the value of the file argument: + toc -- the name of the sectional unit, such as part or + subsection. + lof -- figure + lot -- table +{entry} is the text of the entry. + +\addtocontents{file}{text} *\addtocontents* + The |\addtocontents| command adds text (or formatting commands) + directly to the file that generates the table of contents or + list of figures or tables. +{file} is the extension of the file on which information is to be written: + toc (table of contents), + lof (list of figures), + lot (list of tables). +{text} is the information to be written. + +============================================================================== +23. Terminal Input/Output *latex-terminal* + +|\typein| Read text from the terminal. +|\typeout| Write text to the terminal. + +\typein[cmd]{msg} *\typein* + Prints {msg} on the terminal and causes LaTeX to stop and wait + for you to type a line of input, ending with return. If the + [cmd] argument is missing, the typed input is processed as if + it had been included in the input file in place of the + |\typein| command. If the [cmd] argument is present, it must be + a command name. This command name is then defined or redefined + to be the typed input. + +\typeout{msg} *\typeout* + Prints {msg} on the terminal and in the `.log' file. Commands + in {msg} that are defined with |\newcommand| or |\renewcommand| + are replaced by their definitions before being printed. + + *\space* +LaTeX's usual rules for treating multiple spaces as a single space and +ignoring spaces after a command name apply to {msg}. A |\space| command in {msg} +causes a single space to be printed. A ^^J in {msg} prints a newline. + +============================================================================== +24. Typefaces *latex-typefaces* + +The typeface is specified by giving the "size" and "style". A typeface is also +called a "font". +|font-styles| Select roman, italics etc. +|font-size| Select point size. +|font-lowlevelcommands| Commands for wizards. + +Styles *font-styles* + +The following type style commands are supported by LaTeX. + +These commands are used like: > + \textit{italics text}. +The corresponding command in parenthesis is the "declaration form", which +takes no arguments. The scope of the declaration form lasts until the next +type style command or the end of the current group. + +The declaration forms are cumulative; i.e., you can say: > + \sffamily\bfseries +to get sans serif boldface. + +You can also use the environment form of the declaration forms; e.g.: > + \begin{ttfamily}...\end{ttfamily}. +< +\textrm (\rmfamily) *\textrm* *\rmfamily* + Roman + +\textit (\itshape) *\textit* *\itshape* *\emph* + Emphasis (toggles between |\textit| and |\textrm|). + +\textmd (\mdseries) *\textmd* *\mdseries* + Medium weight (default). The opposite of boldface. + +\textbf (\bfseries) *\textbf* *\bfseries* + Boldface. + +\textup (\upshape) *\textup* *\upshape* + Upright (default). The opposite of slanted. + +\textsl (\slshape) *\textsl* *\slshape* + Slanted. + +\textsf (\sffamily) *\textsf* *\sffamily* + Sans serif. + +\textsc (\scshape) *\textsc* *\scshape* + Small caps. + +\texttt (\ttfamily) *\texttt* *\ttfamily* + Typewriter. + +\textnormal (\normalfont) *\textnormal* *\normalfont* + Main document font. + +\mathrm *\mathrm* + Roman, for use in math mode. + +\mathbf *\mathbf* + Boldface, for use in math mode. + +\mathsf *\mathsf* + Sans serif, for use in math mode. + +\mathtt *\mathtt* + Typewriter, for use in math mode. + +\mathit *\mathit* + Italics, for use in math mode, e.g. variable names with + several letters. + +\mathnormal *\mathnormal* + For use in math mode, e.g. inside another type style + declaration. + +\mathcal *\mathcal* + `Calligraphic' letters, for use in math mode. + + *\mathversion* +In addition, the command \mathversion{bold} can be used for switching to bold +letters and symbols in formulas. \mathversion{normal} restores the default. + +========== +Sizes *font-size* + +The following standard type size commands are supported by LaTeX. + +The commands as listed here are "declaration forms". The scope of the +declaration form lasts until the next type style command or the end of the +current group. + +You can also use the environment form of these commands; e.g. > + \begin{tiny}...\end{tiny} + +\tiny *\tiny* +\scriptsize *\scriptsize* +\footnotesize *\footnotesize* +\small *\small* +\normalsize(default) *\normalsize* +\large *\large* +\Large *\Large* +\LARGE *\LARGE* +\huge *\huge* +\Huge *\Huge* + +========== +Low-level font commands *font-lowlevelcommands* + +These commands are primarily intended for writers of macros and packages. The +commands listed here are only a subset of the available ones. For full +details, you should consult Chapter 7 of The LaTeX Companion. + +\fontencoding{enc} *\fontencoding* + Select font encoding. Valid encodings include OT1 and T1. + +\fontfamily{family} *\fontfamily* + Select font family. Valid families include: + cmr for Computer Modern Roman + cmss for Computer Modern Sans Serif + cmtt for Computer Modern Typewriter + and numerous others. + +\fontseries{series} *\fontseries* + Select font series. Valid series include: + m Medium (normal) + b Bold + c Condensed + bc Bold condensed + bx Bold extended + and various other combinations. + +\fontshape{shape} *\fontshape* + Select font shape. Valid shapes are: + n Upright (normal) + it Italic + sl Slanted (oblique) + sc Small caps + ui Upright italics + ol Outline + The two last shapes are not available for most font families. + +\fontsize{size}{skip} *\fontsize* + Set font size. The first parameter is the font size to switch + to; the second is the \baselineskip to use. The unit of both + parameters defaults to pt. A rule of thumb is that the + baselineskip should be 1.2 times the font size. + +\selectfont *\selectfont* + The changes made by calling the four font commands described + above do not come into effect until |\selectfont| is called. + +\usefont{enc}{family}{series}{shape} *\usefont* + Equivalent to calling |\fontencoding|, |\fontfamily|, + |\fontseries| and |\fontshape| with the given parameters, + followed by |\selectfont|. + +============================================================================== +25. Parameters *latex-parameters* + +The input file specification indicates the file to be formatted; TeX uses +`.tex' as a default file extension. If you omit the input file entirely, TeX +accepts input from the terminal. You specify command options by supplying a +string as a parameter to the command; e.g. > + + latex "\scrollmode\input foo.tex" + +will process `foo.tex' without pausing after every error. + +Output files are always created in the current directory. When you fail to +specify an input file name, TeX bases the output names on the file +specification associated with the logical name TEX_OUTPUT, typically +texput.log. + + vim:tw=78:ts=8:ft=help:norl: |